Introduction Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is a malignant brain tumors with poor outcome due to resistance to adjuvant treatments. Therapy consist of surgery followed by adjuvant chemo-radiation therapy. After treatment, serial brain MRIs are performed for viewing tumor response to therapies. In this scenario, brain MRIs are not always clear and some lesion may resemble a recurrent disease. A correct diagnosis of tumor recurrence is important for addressing patients to the correct therapy. The lack of a blood based biomarker for GBMs make interpretation of follow-up MRIs very difficult. Exosomes (EXos) are involved in cross-talk between neoplastic and non-neoplastic cells that sustain cellular proliferation and invasiveness. Such vesicles are actively produced by tumoral cells and their quantity seems to reflect the number of tumoral cells making Exos potential biological markers for diagnosis. Vacuolar – H+ - ATPases (V-ATPases) are proton pumps involved in pH regulation in normal and neoplastic cells and they are overexpressed in HGGs and are involved in EXos production. Aim of this work is to try to translate to clinical practice the current knowledge about EXos in order to understand if they can be used as biomarkers for GBMs. Additionally, in our experience we tried to use V-ATPAse subunit G1 as biomarker for GBMs. Method A total of 21 patients were enrolled in the study from 2020 to 2023. All patients were aged more than 18 years old. Histological diagnosis was performed or reviewed according to the 2021 WHO classification. All patients underwent surgical resection and concomitant chemo-radiation therapy at Fondazione IRCCS Ospedale San Gerardo dei Tintori in Monza (Italy). They underwent brain MRIs and neuro-oncological follow-up every three months at the same institution. Tumor recurrence was diagnosed according to the RANO criteria. Peripheral blood samples were collected from patients before and after surgical resection and during each follow-up control, for a total of 103 samples analyzed. We used a standardized method for blood sample processing and EXOs counting during all the study period. From radiological point of view patients were divided into two groups: patients with multifocal and patients with single lesion. Results For all patients clinical and radiological data were collected. Each patient provided a blood sample at each time-point. Results from EXos counting and brain MRIs were analyzed and stratified. Globally, there was a reduction of the number of exosomes after surgery for all patients. Such reduction of EXos was more marked in patients with multifocal. After concomitant RT and chemotherapy, patients showed an increase of the number of exosomes that tended to reduce or to remain stable in the subsequent follow-up. Patients with early recurrent tumors showed a progressive increase of EXos during the follow-up despite therapies. V1G1 was found overexpressed in all patients except 2. Western blot analyses on EXos showed enrichement of V1G1. Results from control subjects showed that EXos were higher in control subjects with a smaller mean diameter than HGGs patients. Conclusions Our experience represents a trial to translate our basic methods of research to the clinical field. It shows limitations of the methodological and serial application of vesiclemia as a prognostic or diagnostic marker in patients with GBM. Moreover, we showed that V1G1 is overexpressed in patients with GBM but it cannot be used as a blood marker since it is expressed also in normal condition. All results are expanded and discussed in the main work.
Introduzione Il glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) è un tumore cerebrale maligno con scarsa prognosi a causa della resistenza ai trattamenti adiuvanti. La terapia consiste in un intervento chirurgico seguito da chemio-radioterapia adiuvanti. Dopo il trattamento, vengono eseguite RM cerebrali seriali per stabilire la risposta del tumore alle terapie. In questo scenario, le RM cerebrali non sono sempre chiare e alcune lesioni possono simulare una ripresa di malattia senza esserlo. Una diagnosi corretta di recidiva del tumore è importante per indirizzare i pazienti verso la terapia corretta. La mancanza di un biomarcatore ematico per i GBM rende molto difficile l'interpretazione delle RM di follow-up. Gli esosomi (EXos) sono coinvolti nel network comunicativo tra le cellule neoplastiche e non neoplastiche che sostengono la proliferazione cellulare e l'invasività. Tali vescicole sono prodotte attivamente dalle cellule tumorali e la loro quantità sembra riflettere il numero di cellule tumorali, rendendo gli EXos potenziali marcatori biologici per la diagnosi tumorale. Le ATPasi vacuolari – H+ (V-ATPasi) sono pompe protoniche coinvolte nella regolazione del pH nelle cellule normali e neoplastiche e sono sovraespresse nei GBM e sono coinvolte nella produzione di EXos. Lo scopo di questo lavoro è cercare di trasporre nella pratica clinica l’uso degli EXos come biomarcatori per i GBM. Inoltre, nella nostra esperienza abbiamo cercato di utilizzare la subunità G1 della V-ATPAsi come biomarcatore. Metodi Un totale di 21 pazienti con GBM sono stati arruolati nello studio dal 2020 al 2023. Tutti i pazienti avevano più di 18 anni. La diagnosi istologica è stata eseguita secondo la classificazione OMS del 2021. Tutti i pazienti sono stati sottoposti a resezione chirurgica e chemio-radioterapia concomitante presso la Fondazione IRCCS Ospedale San Gerardo dei Tintori di Monza (Italia). Sono stati sottoposti a RM cerebrale e follow-up neuro-oncologico ogni tre mesi presso la stessa istituzione. La recidiva del tumore è stata diagnosticata secondo i criteri RANO. Sono stati raccolti campioni di sangue periferico dai pazienti prima e dopo la resezione chirurgica e durante ogni controllo di follow-up, per un totale di 103 campioni analizzati. Abbiamo utilizzato un metodo standardizzato per l'elaborazione dei campioni di sangue e il conteggio degli EXO durante tutto il periodo dello studio. Dal punto di vista radiologico i pazienti sono stati divisi in due gruppi: pazienti con lesione multifocale e pazienti con lesione singola. Risultati Per tutti i pazienti sono stati raccolti dati clinici e radiologici. IGlobalmente, c'è stata una riduzione del numero di esosomi dopo l'intervento chirurgico per tutti i pazienti. Tale riduzione degli EXos è stata più marcata nei pazienti con tumori multifocali. Dopo RT e chemioterapia concomitanti, i pazienti hanno mostrato un aumento del numero di esosomi che tendevano a ridursi o a rimanere stabili nel follow-up successivo. I pazienti con tumori recidivanti precoci hanno mostrato un aumento progressivo di EXos durante il follow-up nonostante le terapie. V1G1 è stata trovata sovraespressa in tutti i pazienti tranne 2. Le analisi Western blot su EXos hanno mostrato un arricchimento di V1G1. I risultati dei soggetti di controllo hanno mostrato che gli EXos erano più alti nei soggetti di controllo con un diametro medio più piccolo rispetto ai pazienti con GBM. Conclusioni La nostra esperienza rappresenta un tentativo di trasporre i nostri metodi di ricerca di base nel campo clinico. Tale esperienza mostra i limiti dell'applicazione metodologica e seriale della vesciclemia come marcatore prognostico o diagnostico nei pazienti con GBM. Inoltre, abbiamo dimostrato che V1G1 è sovraespresso nei pazienti con GBM ma non può essere utilizzato come marcatore ematico poiché è espresso anche in condizioni normali. Tutti i risultati sono ampliati e discussi nel lavoro principale.
SETTING UP A NEURO-ONCOLOGICAL FOLLOW-UP WITH BLOOD EXOSOMES IN A MONOINSTITUTIONAL COHORT OF PATIENTS WITH GLIOBLASTOMA
DI CRISTOFORI, ANDREA
2025
Abstract
Introduction Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is a malignant brain tumors with poor outcome due to resistance to adjuvant treatments. Therapy consist of surgery followed by adjuvant chemo-radiation therapy. After treatment, serial brain MRIs are performed for viewing tumor response to therapies. In this scenario, brain MRIs are not always clear and some lesion may resemble a recurrent disease. A correct diagnosis of tumor recurrence is important for addressing patients to the correct therapy. The lack of a blood based biomarker for GBMs make interpretation of follow-up MRIs very difficult. Exosomes (EXos) are involved in cross-talk between neoplastic and non-neoplastic cells that sustain cellular proliferation and invasiveness. Such vesicles are actively produced by tumoral cells and their quantity seems to reflect the number of tumoral cells making Exos potential biological markers for diagnosis. Vacuolar – H+ - ATPases (V-ATPases) are proton pumps involved in pH regulation in normal and neoplastic cells and they are overexpressed in HGGs and are involved in EXos production. Aim of this work is to try to translate to clinical practice the current knowledge about EXos in order to understand if they can be used as biomarkers for GBMs. Additionally, in our experience we tried to use V-ATPAse subunit G1 as biomarker for GBMs. Method A total of 21 patients were enrolled in the study from 2020 to 2023. All patients were aged more than 18 years old. Histological diagnosis was performed or reviewed according to the 2021 WHO classification. All patients underwent surgical resection and concomitant chemo-radiation therapy at Fondazione IRCCS Ospedale San Gerardo dei Tintori in Monza (Italy). They underwent brain MRIs and neuro-oncological follow-up every three months at the same institution. Tumor recurrence was diagnosed according to the RANO criteria. Peripheral blood samples were collected from patients before and after surgical resection and during each follow-up control, for a total of 103 samples analyzed. We used a standardized method for blood sample processing and EXOs counting during all the study period. From radiological point of view patients were divided into two groups: patients with multifocal and patients with single lesion. Results For all patients clinical and radiological data were collected. Each patient provided a blood sample at each time-point. Results from EXos counting and brain MRIs were analyzed and stratified. Globally, there was a reduction of the number of exosomes after surgery for all patients. Such reduction of EXos was more marked in patients with multifocal. After concomitant RT and chemotherapy, patients showed an increase of the number of exosomes that tended to reduce or to remain stable in the subsequent follow-up. Patients with early recurrent tumors showed a progressive increase of EXos during the follow-up despite therapies. V1G1 was found overexpressed in all patients except 2. Western blot analyses on EXos showed enrichement of V1G1. Results from control subjects showed that EXos were higher in control subjects with a smaller mean diameter than HGGs patients. Conclusions Our experience represents a trial to translate our basic methods of research to the clinical field. It shows limitations of the methodological and serial application of vesiclemia as a prognostic or diagnostic marker in patients with GBM. Moreover, we showed that V1G1 is overexpressed in patients with GBM but it cannot be used as a blood marker since it is expressed also in normal condition. All results are expanded and discussed in the main work.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14242/194906
URN:NBN:IT:UNIMIB-194906