Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most common malignant primary brain tumor and has a poor prognosis despite current treatments. Immunotherapy has failed to improve the prognosis of GBM due to the tumor's robust ability to evade immunosurveillance. The mechanisms underlying this refractoriness—such as tumor heterogeneity, the presence of an immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment, and limited tumor trafficking and infiltration—represent common challenges for the application of adoptive immunotherapy in solid tumors. In this project, we evaluated the potential of two antigen-independent immunotherapy prototypes, cytokine-induced killer (CIK) cells and natural killer (NK) cells, as therapeutic options for solid tumors, with a particular focus on GBM. Given their established applicability in the clinical setting, CIK cell therapy was evaluated for its optimization in GBM patients. We demonstrated that human platelet lysate significantly increased the mean expansion rate of CIK cells derived from GBM patients (p = 0.004), while concomitant therapies, such as temozolomide (TMZ) and dexamethasone (Dex), exhibited cytotoxic effects on these cells (TMZ 0.1 mM; p = 0.01; Dex 10 μM; p = 0.048). Furthermore, we developed a literature-based pipeline to select suitable external controls, laying the groundwork for a new Phase II clinical trial to evaluate CIK cell therapy in GBM patients. Additionally, we optimized an in vitro co- culture platform with patient-derived GBM organoids and demonstrated that inhibiting MICA/B shedding significantly enhanced the cytotoxic activity of CIK cells against glioma stem cells (p = 0.03). In the second part of the study, we explored the use of NK cell immunotherapy against solid tumors, focusing on the validation of the endogenous checkpoint Calcium Homeostasis Modulator 2 (CALHM2) in human primary NK cells. CALHM2 emerged as a convergent hit from a loss-of-function CRISPR screen conducted in four solid tumor mouse models, including GBM. Knocking down CALHM2 increased NK cells killing activity against various cancer models, as well as enhanced degranulation and the production of effector cytokines. By optimizing the applicability and exploring the potential of these two antigen- independent immunotherapies, we highlight their role in advancing the next generation of immunotherapy in neuro-oncology.
Il glioblastoma (GBM) è il tumore maligno primario cerebrale più comune e presenta una prognosi sfavorevole nonostante i trattamenti attuali. L'immunoterapia non è riuscita a migliorare la prognosi del GBM a causa della notevole capacità del tumore di sfuggire alla sorveglianza immunitaria. I meccanismi alla base di questa refrattarietà, come l'eterogeneità tumorale, la presenza di un microambiente tumorale immunosoppressivo e il limitato traffico e infiltrazione tumorale da parte delle cellule immunitarie, rappresentano sfide comuni per l'applicazione dell'immunoterapia adottiva nei tumori solidi. In questo progetto, abbiamo valutato il potenziale di due prototipi di immunoterapia indipendente dall'antigene, le cellule killer indotte da citochine (CIK) e le cellule natural killer (NK), come opzioni terapeutiche per i tumori solidi, con un particolare focus sul GBM. Dato il loro consolidato utilizzo in ambito clinico, abbiamo valutato la terapia con cellule CIK per ottimizzarla nei pazienti con GBM. Abbiamo dimostrato che il lisato piastrinico umano aumenta significativamente il tasso medio di espansione delle cellule CIK derivate da pazienti con GBM (p = 0,004), mentre terapie concomitanti come la temozolomide (TMZ) e il desametasone (Dex) mostrano effetti citotossici su queste cellule (TMZ 0,1 mM; p = 0,01; Dex 10 μM; p = 0,048). Abbiamo sviluppato una pipeline basata sulla letteratura per selezionare controlli esterni adeguati, gettando le basi per un nuovo trial clinico di Fase II per valutare la terapia con cellule CIK nei pazienti con GBM. Inoltre, abbiamo ottimizzato una piattaforma di co-coltura in vitro con organoidi di GBM derivati da pazienti, dimostrando che l'inibizione del rilascio di MICA/B aumenta significativamente l'attività citotossica delle cellule CIK contro le cellule staminali del glioma (p = 0,03). Nella seconda parte dello studio, abbiamo esplorato l'uso dell'immunoterapia con cellule NK contro i tumori solidi, concentrandoci sulla validazione del checkpoint endogeno Calcium Homeostasis Modulator 2 (CALHM2) nelle cellule NK primarie umane. CALHM2 è emerso come un target convergente da uno screening CRISPR per perdita di funzione condotto in quattro modelli murini di tumori solidi, incluso il GBM. La riduzione dell'espressione di CALHM2 ha aumentato l'attività citotossica delle cellule NK contro diversi modelli tumorali, migliorando anche la degranulazione e la produzione di citochine effettrici. Ottimizzando l'applicabilità ed esplorando il potenziale di queste due immunoterapie indipendenti dall'antigene, in questo lavoro sottolineiamo il loro ruolo nel progresso della prossima generazione di immunoterapie in neuro-oncologia.
Immunoterapia oncologica indipendente dall'HLA: ottimizzazione della terapia CIK nel glioblastoma e prospettive per le cellule NK nei tumori solidi
SFERRUZZA, GIACOMO
2025
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most common malignant primary brain tumor and has a poor prognosis despite current treatments. Immunotherapy has failed to improve the prognosis of GBM due to the tumor's robust ability to evade immunosurveillance. The mechanisms underlying this refractoriness—such as tumor heterogeneity, the presence of an immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment, and limited tumor trafficking and infiltration—represent common challenges for the application of adoptive immunotherapy in solid tumors. In this project, we evaluated the potential of two antigen-independent immunotherapy prototypes, cytokine-induced killer (CIK) cells and natural killer (NK) cells, as therapeutic options for solid tumors, with a particular focus on GBM. Given their established applicability in the clinical setting, CIK cell therapy was evaluated for its optimization in GBM patients. We demonstrated that human platelet lysate significantly increased the mean expansion rate of CIK cells derived from GBM patients (p = 0.004), while concomitant therapies, such as temozolomide (TMZ) and dexamethasone (Dex), exhibited cytotoxic effects on these cells (TMZ 0.1 mM; p = 0.01; Dex 10 μM; p = 0.048). Furthermore, we developed a literature-based pipeline to select suitable external controls, laying the groundwork for a new Phase II clinical trial to evaluate CIK cell therapy in GBM patients. Additionally, we optimized an in vitro co- culture platform with patient-derived GBM organoids and demonstrated that inhibiting MICA/B shedding significantly enhanced the cytotoxic activity of CIK cells against glioma stem cells (p = 0.03). In the second part of the study, we explored the use of NK cell immunotherapy against solid tumors, focusing on the validation of the endogenous checkpoint Calcium Homeostasis Modulator 2 (CALHM2) in human primary NK cells. CALHM2 emerged as a convergent hit from a loss-of-function CRISPR screen conducted in four solid tumor mouse models, including GBM. Knocking down CALHM2 increased NK cells killing activity against various cancer models, as well as enhanced degranulation and the production of effector cytokines. By optimizing the applicability and exploring the potential of these two antigen- independent immunotherapies, we highlight their role in advancing the next generation of immunotherapy in neuro-oncology.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14242/196338
URN:NBN:IT:UNISR-196338