Cusanus is the Renaissance thinker most systematically influenced by Proclus and Dionysius the Areopagite, who form the cornerstones around which he builds his interpretation of Platonism. Proclus’ and Dionysius’ Neoplatonism is jointly inhabited by two types of metaphysics: hierarchical metaphysics and the metaphysics of the ineffable. The former entails the idea that reality is a structure composed of subordinate degrees, ranging from the divine Principle to our world, passing also through intermediate degrees. The metaphysics of the Ineffable, on the other hand, refers to the nature of the divine Principle itself, from which the entire hierarchy stems and yet is at the same time beyond the hierarchising structure itself. Considered in its purest nature, the divine Principle – ineffable insofar as it is above the laws of logic and, ultimately, the principle of non- contradiction itself – is characterised by absolute simplicity and areationality, to the point that, for Proclus, it is superior to both the One and the Good, and for Dionysius even to the Trinitarian dimension itself. The reception in Cusanus of Proclus and Dionysius should be seen in terms of an unbalancing – and indeed a rupture – of hierarchical metaphysics in favour of the metaphysics of the Ineffable. What Cusanus does, in fact, is to emphasise that since the divine Principle is above the laws of logic and science itself, and constitutes the intimate nature of all being, then the same hierarchical structuring of reality, which had for ancient Neoplatonism a metaphysical validity, has rather an epistemological-mental validity. All reality, in its intimate nature, as inhabited by the divine Principle, is ineffable, and the hierarchical structuring of science has a conjectural nature – that is, although it has to do with truth, in which it participates, there is no longer any coincidence between thought and reality. In the metamorphoses of Neoplatonism in Cusanus, through the development of the metaphysics of the Ineffable, we thus see: 1) how this tradition anticipates the development of the problem of knowledge that will later become central to the European philosophical tradition. Furthermore, 2) the break with hierarchical metaphysics also entails a rapprochement between God and the world, which, while not becoming pantheism, places unprecedented emphasis on the immanence of the divine Principle in every being. Finally, 3) the conjecturalisation of metaphysics also has consequences for Cusanus at the level of historical analysis of the relationship between different cultures. Since every metaphysical tradition, like every religious tradition, is conjectural in nature – even if it always has to do with the one meta-conjectural divine Principle – it follows that none of the different traditions, not even the Christian tradition, can claim to be the possessor of truth. Therefore, by nature, each tradition must inherently dialogue with the others.
Cusano è il pensatore rinascimentale influenzato in modo più sistematico da Proclo e Dionigi Areopagita, che costituiscono i cardini attorno ai quali costruisce la sua interpretazione del platonismo. Il neoplatonismo di Proclo e Dionigi è abitato congiuntamente da due tipi di metafisiche: la metafisica gerarchica e la metafisica dell’ineffabile. La prima comporta l’idea che la realtà sia una struttura composta da gradi subordinati, che vanno dal Principio divino al nostro mondo, passando anche per livelli intermedi. La metafisica dell’Ineffabile, invece, si riferisce alla natura stessa del Principio divino, da cui scaturisce l’intera gerarchia e che è però al contempo al di là della struttura gerarchizzante stessa. Considerato nella sua natura più pura, il Principio divino – ineffabile in quanto al di sopra delle leggi della logica e, in ultimo, dello stesso principio di non contraddizione – è caratterizzato da assoluta semplicità e arelazionalità, al punto che, per Proclo, è superiore sia all’Uno che al Bene e per Dionigi persino alla stessa dimensione trinitaria. La ricezione in Cusano di Proclo e Dionigi va vista nei termini di uno sbilanciamento – e, anzi, di una rottura – della metafisica gerarchica in favore della metafisica dell’Ineffabile. Ciò che Cusano fa, infatti, è sottolineare che, essendo il Principio divino al di sopra delle leggi della logica e della stessa scienza, e costituendo la natura intima di ogni essere, allora la stessa strutturazione gerarchica della realtà, che aveva per il neoplatonismo antico una validità metafisica, ha piuttosto una validità epistemologico-mentale. Tutta la realtà, nella sua intima natura, in quanto abitata dal Principio divino, è ineffabile, e la strutturazione gerarchica della scienza ha una natura congetturale – cioè, pur avendo essa a che fare con la verità, della quale partecipa, non c’è più coincidenza tra pensiero e realtà. Nelle metamorfosi del neoplatonismo in Cusano, attraverso lo sviluppo della metafisica dell’Ineffabile, vediamo quindi: 1) come questa tradizione anticipi lo sviluppo del problema della conoscenza che diventerà poi centrale nella tradizione filosofica europea. Inoltre, 2) la rottura della metafisica gerarchica comporta anche un avvicinamento tra Dio e il mondo, che, pur non diventando panteismo, batte l’accento in modo inaudito sull’immanenza del Principio divino in ogni ente. Infine, 3) la congetturalizzazione della metafisica ha conseguenze per Cusano anche a livello di analisi storica del rapporto tra culture diverse. Poiché ogni tradizione metafisica, così come ogni tradizione religiosa, ha una natura congetturale – anche se ha sempre a che fare con l’unico Principio divino meta-congetturale – ne consegue che nessuna delle diverse tradizioni, nemmeno quella cristiana, può pretendere di essere il possessore della verità. Pertanto, per natura, ogni tradizione deve intrinsecamente dialogare con le altre.
Niccolò Cusano e le metamorfosi del neoplatonismo. La rinascita di Proclo e Dionigi
COLIZZI, PAOLO
2025
Abstract
Cusanus is the Renaissance thinker most systematically influenced by Proclus and Dionysius the Areopagite, who form the cornerstones around which he builds his interpretation of Platonism. Proclus’ and Dionysius’ Neoplatonism is jointly inhabited by two types of metaphysics: hierarchical metaphysics and the metaphysics of the ineffable. The former entails the idea that reality is a structure composed of subordinate degrees, ranging from the divine Principle to our world, passing also through intermediate degrees. The metaphysics of the Ineffable, on the other hand, refers to the nature of the divine Principle itself, from which the entire hierarchy stems and yet is at the same time beyond the hierarchising structure itself. Considered in its purest nature, the divine Principle – ineffable insofar as it is above the laws of logic and, ultimately, the principle of non- contradiction itself – is characterised by absolute simplicity and areationality, to the point that, for Proclus, it is superior to both the One and the Good, and for Dionysius even to the Trinitarian dimension itself. The reception in Cusanus of Proclus and Dionysius should be seen in terms of an unbalancing – and indeed a rupture – of hierarchical metaphysics in favour of the metaphysics of the Ineffable. What Cusanus does, in fact, is to emphasise that since the divine Principle is above the laws of logic and science itself, and constitutes the intimate nature of all being, then the same hierarchical structuring of reality, which had for ancient Neoplatonism a metaphysical validity, has rather an epistemological-mental validity. All reality, in its intimate nature, as inhabited by the divine Principle, is ineffable, and the hierarchical structuring of science has a conjectural nature – that is, although it has to do with truth, in which it participates, there is no longer any coincidence between thought and reality. In the metamorphoses of Neoplatonism in Cusanus, through the development of the metaphysics of the Ineffable, we thus see: 1) how this tradition anticipates the development of the problem of knowledge that will later become central to the European philosophical tradition. Furthermore, 2) the break with hierarchical metaphysics also entails a rapprochement between God and the world, which, while not becoming pantheism, places unprecedented emphasis on the immanence of the divine Principle in every being. Finally, 3) the conjecturalisation of metaphysics also has consequences for Cusanus at the level of historical analysis of the relationship between different cultures. Since every metaphysical tradition, like every religious tradition, is conjectural in nature – even if it always has to do with the one meta-conjectural divine Principle – it follows that none of the different traditions, not even the Christian tradition, can claim to be the possessor of truth. Therefore, by nature, each tradition must inherently dialogue with the others.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14242/196347
URN:NBN:IT:UNISR-196347