Photosynthesis can be approached in its fundamental aspects, regarding for example its regulation or evolutive implications, but also for applicative purposes, especially with respect to crop stress response and breeding programs. A complete description of the biophysical processes underlying light absorption and photosynthetic electron transport is necessary to understand the regulatory mechanisms through which the plant optimizes its photosynthetic efficiency under various environmental conditions. Measurements of chlorophyll a fluorescence are used to obtain detailed information regarding the primary events of light harvesting and conservation in the electron transport chain. In this thesis, I used chlorophyll fluorescence methods as a primary research tool to investigate four topics. The first study regards the photoinhibition and photoprotection of Photosystem II in an ancient vascular plant, Selaginella martensii, belonging to lycophytes, a sister clade of all other vascular plants. The effects of long-term light acclimation on PSII photoprotection were investigated using the chlorophyll fluorometric method known as “photochemical quenching measured in the dark” (qPd). Singularly high-qPd values at relatively low irradiance suggest a heterogeneous antenna system (PSII antenna uncoupling). The extent of antenna uncoupling largely depends on the light regime, reaching the highest value in sun-acclimated plants. In parallel, the photoprotective NPQ (pNPQ) increased from deep-shade to high-light grown plants. It is proposed that the differences in the long-term modulation in the photoprotective capacity are proportional to the amount of uncoupled LHCII. The second study analyses the problem of thylakoid membrane appression in the giant chloroplast of the same species. In this case, the fast chlorophyll fluorescence analysis is coupled with P700 oxidation kinetics to support the results obtained with electron microscopy morphometrics and selective solubilization of the thylakoid membranes. The average length of the granum – nearly 700 nm – was significantly beyond the optimal functional length limit of 500 nm hypothesized for the correct diffusion of the soluble electron carriers in angiosperms. The slow diffusion of electron carriers in a lycophyte may explain the need for the fast and intense induction of NPQ, as well as, in the general context of photosynthetic regulation in S. martensii, it suggests that the organization of LHCII in this species may have other characteristics of uniqueness. The third study again analyzes the importance of a correct functionality of the photosynthetic membrane, but focusing on wheat mutants with a reduced chlorophyll synthesis, which are affected by a defective control of the photosynthetic electron flow. Six mutant lines of Triticum durum or Triticum aestivum with their respective wild-type cultivars were cultivated with a regular seasonal cycle in a semi-field experiment. The mitigation of the phenotype severity concerned primarily the recovery of the photosynthetic membrane functionality, while it was marginal with respect to the chlorophyll content. The accumulation of interchain electron carriers was a primary acclimative response towards the naturally fluctuating environment, maximally exploited by the mature durum wheat mutants. The mutation itself and/or the energy-consuming compensatory mechanisms markedly influenced the plant morphogenesis, especially leading to reduced tillering, which in turn resulted in lower grain production per plant. The last work is focused on the phenotyping of photosynthetic traits to support the selection of strawberry accessions resistant to salt stress. In this case, an application of chlorophyll fluorescence imaging, coupled with RGB morphometrics, is proposed to monitor the appearance of stress-related alterations. The experiment was set up at the Slovak PlantScreenTM Phenotyping Unit (SPPU) of the Slovak University of Agriculture in Nitra. The experiment performed in controlled environmental conditions, evidenced that the chlorophyll fluorescence parameters are much more sensitive than the morphometric indexes. The variety Edwina(pbr), the most recently patented cultivar by C.I.V. (Consorzio Italiano Vivaisti) was the most tolerant among the five varieties used for comparison. The work presented in this Thesis has the potential to lead to new research projects aiming at expanding knowledge on basic photosynthetic functioning and applications of chlorophyll fluorometric techniques in the frame of plant phenotyping.
La fotosintesi può essere affrontata nei suoi aspetti fondamentali, per esempio per quanto riguarda la sua regolazione o le implicazioni evolutive, ma anche per scopi applicativi, soprattutto per quanto riguarda la risposta delle colture agli stress e i programmi di selezione varietale. Una descrizione completa dei processi biofisici alla base dell’assorbimento della luce e del trasporto degli elettroni fotosintetici è necessaria per comprendere i meccanismi di regolazione attraverso i quali la pianta ottimizza la sua efficienza fotosintetica in varie condizioni ambientali. Le misure della fluorescenza della clorofilla a sono utilizzate per ottenere informazioni dettagliate sugli eventi primari di raccolta e conservazione della luce nella catena di trasporto degli elettroni. In questa tesi, ho utilizzato vari metodi basati sulla fluorescenza della clorofilla come strumento di ricerca primario per indagare quattro temi scientifici. Il primo studio riguarda la fotoinibizione e la fotoprotezione del fotosistema II in una pianta vascolare antica, Selaginella martensii, appartenente alle licofite, un clade divergente da tutte le altre piante vascolari. Gli effetti dell’acclimatazione alla luce a lungo termine sulla fotoprotezione del PSII sono stati studiati utilizzando il metodo fluorimetrico della clorofilla noto come "quenching fotochimico misurato al buio" (qPd). Valori singolarmente elevati di qPd a irradianza relativamente bassa suggeriscono un sistema di antenne eterogeneo (disaccoppiamento dell’antenna PSII). L’entità del disaccoppiamento dell’antenna dipende in larga misura dal regime di luce, raggiungendo il valore più alto nelle piante acclimatate al sole. Parallelamente, l’ NPQ fotoprotettivo (pNPQ) aumenta dalle piante coltivate in ombra stretta a quelle coltivate in piena luce. Si propone che le differenze nella modulazione a lungo termine della capacità fotoprotettiva siano proporzionali alla quantità di LHCII non accoppiato. Il secondo studio analizza il problema dell’appressamento della membrana tilacoidale nel cloroplasto gigante caratteristico della stessa specie. In questo caso, l’analisi della fluorescenza veloce della clorofilla è stata accoppiata alla cinetica di ossidazione del P700 per supportare i risultati ottenuti con la morfometria in microscopia elettronica e la solubilizzazione selettiva delle membrane dei tilacoidi. La lunghezza media del granum - quasi 700 nm - era significativamente superiore al limite di lunghezza funzionale ottimale di 500 nm ipotizzato per la corretta diffusione dei trasportatori di elettroni solubili nelle angiosperme. La lenta diffusione dei trasportatori di elettroni in una licofita può spiegare la necessità di una rapida e intensa induzione dell’ NPQ, così come, nel contesto generale della regolazione fotosintetica in S. martensii, suggerisce che l’organizzazione dell’ LHCII in questa specie possa avere altre caratteristiche di unicità. Il terzo studio analizza nuovamente l’importanza di una corretta funzionalità della membrana fotosintetica, concentrandosi però su mutanti di frumento con una ridotta sintesi di clorofilla, affetti da un difettoso controllo del flusso di elettroni fotosintetici. Sei linee mutanti di Triticum durum o Triticum aestivum con le rispettive cultivar wild-type sono state coltivate con un ciclo stagionale regolare in un esperimento di semi-campo. L’attenuazione della gravità del fenotipo ha riguardato soprattutto il recupero della funzionalità della membrana fotosintetica, mentre è stata marginale per quanto riguarda il contenuto di clorofilla. L’accumulo di trasportatori di elettroni intercatena era una fondamentale risposta di acclimatazione, sfruttata in maggior misura dai mutanti di grano duro. La mutazione stessa e/o i meccanismi di compensazione che consumano energia hanno influenzato notevolmente la morfogenesi della pianta, portando soprattutto a una riduzione dell’accestimento, che a sua volta si è tradotta in una minore produzione di granella per pianta. L’ultimo lavoro è incentrato sulla fenotipizzazione dei tratti fotosintetici per supportare la selezione di cultivar di fragola resistenti allo stress salino. In questo caso, viene proposta un’applicazione dell’imaging di fluorescenza della clorofilla, accoppiato alla morfometria RGB, per monitorare la comparsa di alterazioni legate allo stress. L’esperimento è stato condotto presso l’Unità di Fenotipizzazione Slovacca PlantScreenTM (SPPU) dell’Università Slovacca dell’Agricoltura a Nitra. L’esperimento, condotto in condizioni ambientali controllate, ha evidenziato che i parametri di fluorescenza clorofilliana sono molto più sensibili degli indici morfometrici. La varietà Edwina(pbr), la più recente cultivar brevettata dal C.I.V. (Consorzio Italiano Vivaisti), è risultata la più tollerante tra le cinque varietà utilizzate nel confronto. Il lavoro presentato in questa tesi ha il potenziale per portare a nuovi progetti di ricerca volti ad ampliare le conoscenze sul funzionamento fotosintetico di base e sulle applicazioni delle tecniche di fluorimetria della clorofilla nell’ambito della fenotipizzazione delle piante.
Applicazioni della fluorimetria della clorofilla a: dalla regolazione fotosintetica alla fenotipizzazione vegetale
Andrea, Colpo
2023
Abstract
Photosynthesis can be approached in its fundamental aspects, regarding for example its regulation or evolutive implications, but also for applicative purposes, especially with respect to crop stress response and breeding programs. A complete description of the biophysical processes underlying light absorption and photosynthetic electron transport is necessary to understand the regulatory mechanisms through which the plant optimizes its photosynthetic efficiency under various environmental conditions. Measurements of chlorophyll a fluorescence are used to obtain detailed information regarding the primary events of light harvesting and conservation in the electron transport chain. In this thesis, I used chlorophyll fluorescence methods as a primary research tool to investigate four topics. The first study regards the photoinhibition and photoprotection of Photosystem II in an ancient vascular plant, Selaginella martensii, belonging to lycophytes, a sister clade of all other vascular plants. The effects of long-term light acclimation on PSII photoprotection were investigated using the chlorophyll fluorometric method known as “photochemical quenching measured in the dark” (qPd). Singularly high-qPd values at relatively low irradiance suggest a heterogeneous antenna system (PSII antenna uncoupling). The extent of antenna uncoupling largely depends on the light regime, reaching the highest value in sun-acclimated plants. In parallel, the photoprotective NPQ (pNPQ) increased from deep-shade to high-light grown plants. It is proposed that the differences in the long-term modulation in the photoprotective capacity are proportional to the amount of uncoupled LHCII. The second study analyses the problem of thylakoid membrane appression in the giant chloroplast of the same species. In this case, the fast chlorophyll fluorescence analysis is coupled with P700 oxidation kinetics to support the results obtained with electron microscopy morphometrics and selective solubilization of the thylakoid membranes. The average length of the granum – nearly 700 nm – was significantly beyond the optimal functional length limit of 500 nm hypothesized for the correct diffusion of the soluble electron carriers in angiosperms. The slow diffusion of electron carriers in a lycophyte may explain the need for the fast and intense induction of NPQ, as well as, in the general context of photosynthetic regulation in S. martensii, it suggests that the organization of LHCII in this species may have other characteristics of uniqueness. The third study again analyzes the importance of a correct functionality of the photosynthetic membrane, but focusing on wheat mutants with a reduced chlorophyll synthesis, which are affected by a defective control of the photosynthetic electron flow. Six mutant lines of Triticum durum or Triticum aestivum with their respective wild-type cultivars were cultivated with a regular seasonal cycle in a semi-field experiment. The mitigation of the phenotype severity concerned primarily the recovery of the photosynthetic membrane functionality, while it was marginal with respect to the chlorophyll content. The accumulation of interchain electron carriers was a primary acclimative response towards the naturally fluctuating environment, maximally exploited by the mature durum wheat mutants. The mutation itself and/or the energy-consuming compensatory mechanisms markedly influenced the plant morphogenesis, especially leading to reduced tillering, which in turn resulted in lower grain production per plant. The last work is focused on the phenotyping of photosynthetic traits to support the selection of strawberry accessions resistant to salt stress. In this case, an application of chlorophyll fluorescence imaging, coupled with RGB morphometrics, is proposed to monitor the appearance of stress-related alterations. The experiment was set up at the Slovak PlantScreenTM Phenotyping Unit (SPPU) of the Slovak University of Agriculture in Nitra. The experiment performed in controlled environmental conditions, evidenced that the chlorophyll fluorescence parameters are much more sensitive than the morphometric indexes. The variety Edwina(pbr), the most recently patented cultivar by C.I.V. (Consorzio Italiano Vivaisti) was the most tolerant among the five varieties used for comparison. The work presented in this Thesis has the potential to lead to new research projects aiming at expanding knowledge on basic photosynthetic functioning and applications of chlorophyll fluorometric techniques in the frame of plant phenotyping.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14242/196625
URN:NBN:IT:UNIPR-196625