The studies focused on canine mast cell tumour (MCT) have exponentially risen in the last ten years, making the MCT a “hot topic” in veterinary oncology and an object of debate in the clinical and research field. The sentinel lymph node (SLN) is the first node within the lymphatic basin that directly drains the primary tumour. The previously published studies show that the non-concordance rate between regional (RLN) and SLN is largely variable, ranging from 22.3% to 63%. In this dissertation, we evaluated the agreement rate between SLN and RLN using indirect computed tomography lymphangiography (ICTL) and intraoperative methylene-blued dye (MB) peritumoral injection. We also described the agreement between the two techniques and focused on all the possible reasons for failure of identification of SLN. Sixty-one client-owned dogs with 61 MCTs were prospectively enrolled. RLN was predicted based on the lymphosomes concept. ICTL had a SLN detection rate of 80% (49/61), while in 20% of cases, neither the SLN nor the lymphatic duct could be identified. We observed that ICTL failed to identify SLN when the MCT had a diameter greater than 6 cm. Moreover, even if not statistically significant, we reported a tendency to fail in case of the presence of the tomographic sign of “peritumoral halo”. The SLN-RLN agreement was complete in 64% (n=39) and partial in 10% (n=6) cases. Intraoperative MB was peritumorally injected in 47 dogs. In 75% (n=35) the SLN-RLN concordance was total, in 19% (n=9) was partial and in 6% (n=3) was absent. In 68% (32/47) the agreement between ICTL and MB was total and partial in 3 cases (6.4%); in the remaining 12 cases (25.5%) there was a complete disagreement. Secondly, we described the incidence rate and the severity of the complications following peripheral lymphadenectomy in dogs, comparing three different guiding techniques: intraoperative γ-probing and methylene blue, MB only, and unguided lymphadenectomies. Client-owned tumour-bearing dogs undergoing both pre-operative SLN mapping and excision of peripheral SLNs were included. A total of 201 peripherally lymphadenectomies from 163 dogs from 5 institutions were enrolled. Seventy-two (59%) lymphadenectomies were performed without intraoperative guidance, 49 (41%) with MB, and 80 (40%) with γ-probe and MB. The overall incidence of complications reported was 7.5% (15/201), and 80% (12/15) of them were mild. In the logistic regression model, the use of intraoperative guidance and none of the factors considered significantly influenced the complication rate. The most frequent postoperative event was seroma (2.5%). Using the decision tree model, mandibular and retropharyngeal lymphadenectomy significantly affected the complication rate, especially when surgery lasted more than 21.5 minutes. Lastly, we evaluated whether the Ki67 index has a predictive value in a homogeneous cohort of Patnaik grade 2/Kiupel low-grade (G2/LG) cMCTs with HN2 LNs. The medical databases of three institutions were retrospectively searched for dogs undergoing surgical treatment for cMCT and LN extirpation, with a histological diagnosis of G2/LG with HN2 LNs. A total of 39 cases were identified. None of these dogs developed local and nodal relapse or metastatic distant disease. At the end of the study, 32 (82%) dogs were alive, 7 (18%) dogs were dead from unrelated causes and 4 (10.2%) dogs were lost to follow-up. Considering the strict inclusion criteria, dogs affected by G2/LG with HN2 LNs treated with surgery alone may have a good oncologic outcome; the Ki67 index does not have a prognostic impact. In conclusion, sentinel lymph node mapping and excision play an important role in the diagnosis and therapy of canine MCTs, the technique used for the detection is crucial and should be chosen based on the clinical presentation of the tumour to avoid failures. Anyway, the lymphadenectomy per se is usually a rather safe procedure, rarely associated with severe complications.
Gli studi focalizzati sul mastocitoma canino (MCT) sono aumentati esponenzialmente negli ultimi dieci anni, rendendo il MCT oggetto di dibattito in ambito clinico e di ricerca. Il linfonodo sentinella (LNS) è il primo linfonodo all’interno del sistema linfatico che drena direttamente il tumore primario. Gli studi pubblicati in precedenza mostrano che il tasso di non concordanza tra linfonodo regionale (LNR) e LNS è ampiamente variabile. In questa tesi, è stato valutato il tasso di concordanza tra LNS e LNR utilizzando la linfangiografia indiretta con tomografia computerizzata (ICTL) preoperatoria e l’iniezione peritumorale intraoperatoria di blu di metilene (BM). È stata anche descritta la concordanza tra le due tecniche, valutando tutte le possibili cause del fallimento dell’identificazione di LNS. Sessantuno cani di proprietà con 61 MCT sono stati arruolati prospetticamente nello studio. Il LNR è stato identificato secondo lo schema dei linfosomi. L’ICTL ha identificato almeno un LNS nell’80% (49/61) dei casi, mentre nel 20% dei casi non è stato possibile identificare né LNS né dotto linfatico. È stato osservato che l’ICTL fallisce quando il MCT ha un diametro maggiore di 6 cm. Inoltre, anche se non statisticamente significativa, è stata riscontrata una tendenza al fallimento dell’identificazione del LNS quando il MCT è circondato dal segno tomografico di "alone peritumorale". La concordanza tra LNS-LNR è risultata totale nel 64% (n=39) dei casi e parziale nel 10% (n=6) casi. Il BM è stato iniettato peritumoralmente in 47 cani. Nel 75% (n=35) la concordanza LNS-LNR era totale, nel 19% (n=9) era parziale e nel 6% (n=3) assente. Nel 68% dei casi (32/47) la concordanza tra ICTL e BM è risultata completa e parziale in 3 casi (6,4%). Successivamente, è stato descritto il tasso di incidenza e la gravità delle complicanze insorte a seguito di linfoadenectomia sentinella periferica, confrontando tre diverse tecniche guida: sonda-γ intraoperatoria e blu di metilene, solo BM e linfoadenectomie non guidate. Sono stati inclusi cani con tumori di proprietà sottoposti sia alla mappatura preoperatoria di LNS sia all’escissione di LNS periferici. Sono state incluse un totale di 201 linfoadenectomie periferiche eseguite su 163 cani arruolati da 5 centri veterinari. Settantadue (59%) linfoadenectomie sono state eseguite senza guida intraoperatoria, 49 (41%) con BM e 80 (40%) con sonda-γ e MB. L’incidenza complessiva delle complicanze riportate è stata del 7,5% (15/201) e l’80% (12/15) di esse è stata lieve. Nel modello di regressione logistica, l’uso della guida intraoperatoria e nessuno dei fattori considerati hanno influenzato significativamente il tasso di complicanze. L’evento postoperatorio più frequente è stato il sieroma (2,5%). Utilizzando il modello dell’albero decisionale, la linfoadenectomia mandibolare e retrofaringea ha influenzato significativamente il tasso di complicanze, soprattutto quando l’intervento chirurgico è durato più di 21,5 minuti. Infine, è stato valutato se l’indice Ki67 avesse un valore predittivo in una corte omogenea di cMCT di grado 2/basso grado (G2/LG) con LN HN2. Le banche dati di tre Università sono state ricercate retrospettivamente per cani sottoposti a trattamento chirurgico per l’escissione di cMCT e LN, con una diagnosi istologica di G2/LG con LN HN2. In totale sono stati identificati 39 casi. Nessuno di questi cani ha sviluppato una recidiva locale e linfonodale o una malattia metastatica a distanza. Alla fine dello studio, 32 cani (82%) erano vivi, 7 (18%) cani erano morti per cause non correlate e 4 (10,2%) cani erano stati persi al follow-up. Considerando i rigidi criteri di inclusione, i cani affetti da G2/LG con LN HN2 trattati con la sola chirurgia possono avere un buon outcome; l’indice Ki67 non ha un impatto prognostico. In conclusione, la mappatura e l’escissione del linfonodo sentinella gioca un ruolo importante nella diagnosi e nella terapia dei MCT canini, la tecnica utilizzata per l’individuazione è fondamentale e deve essere scelta in base alla presentazione clinica del tumore per evitare fallimenti. In ogni caso, la linfoadenectomia di per sé è di solito una procedura piuttosto sicura, raramente associata a gravi complicanze.
Clinical and diagnostic implications of sentinel lymph node detection in canine mast cell tumours
Marzia, Cino
2024
Abstract
The studies focused on canine mast cell tumour (MCT) have exponentially risen in the last ten years, making the MCT a “hot topic” in veterinary oncology and an object of debate in the clinical and research field. The sentinel lymph node (SLN) is the first node within the lymphatic basin that directly drains the primary tumour. The previously published studies show that the non-concordance rate between regional (RLN) and SLN is largely variable, ranging from 22.3% to 63%. In this dissertation, we evaluated the agreement rate between SLN and RLN using indirect computed tomography lymphangiography (ICTL) and intraoperative methylene-blued dye (MB) peritumoral injection. We also described the agreement between the two techniques and focused on all the possible reasons for failure of identification of SLN. Sixty-one client-owned dogs with 61 MCTs were prospectively enrolled. RLN was predicted based on the lymphosomes concept. ICTL had a SLN detection rate of 80% (49/61), while in 20% of cases, neither the SLN nor the lymphatic duct could be identified. We observed that ICTL failed to identify SLN when the MCT had a diameter greater than 6 cm. Moreover, even if not statistically significant, we reported a tendency to fail in case of the presence of the tomographic sign of “peritumoral halo”. The SLN-RLN agreement was complete in 64% (n=39) and partial in 10% (n=6) cases. Intraoperative MB was peritumorally injected in 47 dogs. In 75% (n=35) the SLN-RLN concordance was total, in 19% (n=9) was partial and in 6% (n=3) was absent. In 68% (32/47) the agreement between ICTL and MB was total and partial in 3 cases (6.4%); in the remaining 12 cases (25.5%) there was a complete disagreement. Secondly, we described the incidence rate and the severity of the complications following peripheral lymphadenectomy in dogs, comparing three different guiding techniques: intraoperative γ-probing and methylene blue, MB only, and unguided lymphadenectomies. Client-owned tumour-bearing dogs undergoing both pre-operative SLN mapping and excision of peripheral SLNs were included. A total of 201 peripherally lymphadenectomies from 163 dogs from 5 institutions were enrolled. Seventy-two (59%) lymphadenectomies were performed without intraoperative guidance, 49 (41%) with MB, and 80 (40%) with γ-probe and MB. The overall incidence of complications reported was 7.5% (15/201), and 80% (12/15) of them were mild. In the logistic regression model, the use of intraoperative guidance and none of the factors considered significantly influenced the complication rate. The most frequent postoperative event was seroma (2.5%). Using the decision tree model, mandibular and retropharyngeal lymphadenectomy significantly affected the complication rate, especially when surgery lasted more than 21.5 minutes. Lastly, we evaluated whether the Ki67 index has a predictive value in a homogeneous cohort of Patnaik grade 2/Kiupel low-grade (G2/LG) cMCTs with HN2 LNs. The medical databases of three institutions were retrospectively searched for dogs undergoing surgical treatment for cMCT and LN extirpation, with a histological diagnosis of G2/LG with HN2 LNs. A total of 39 cases were identified. None of these dogs developed local and nodal relapse or metastatic distant disease. At the end of the study, 32 (82%) dogs were alive, 7 (18%) dogs were dead from unrelated causes and 4 (10.2%) dogs were lost to follow-up. Considering the strict inclusion criteria, dogs affected by G2/LG with HN2 LNs treated with surgery alone may have a good oncologic outcome; the Ki67 index does not have a prognostic impact. In conclusion, sentinel lymph node mapping and excision play an important role in the diagnosis and therapy of canine MCTs, the technique used for the detection is crucial and should be chosen based on the clinical presentation of the tumour to avoid failures. Anyway, the lymphadenectomy per se is usually a rather safe procedure, rarely associated with severe complications.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14242/196639
URN:NBN:IT:UNIPR-196639