The availability of sulfur and its metabolism, particularly the terminal products of the pathway such as cysteine and glutathione, play an important role in the tolerance to heavy metals, including chromium, by playing a particular role in the detoxification of oxidative stress that the reduction of heavy metals often entails, a phenomenon known as Sulfur Enhanced Defence (SED). In the first part of this project, we investigated the role of enzymes involved in the synthesis of cysteine in two strains with different tolerance to Cr(VI) of Scenedesmus acutus. Indeed, following a period of sulfur deprivation followed by nutrient restoration, both strains show increased chromium tolerance and higher concentrations of free cysteine, with the increase being particularly pronounced in the Cr-tolerant strain The increase in cysteine synthesis activity found is in line with the increased expression of genes involved in the cysteine synthase complex, in particular SaSAT1, SaOAS-TL2, and SaOAS-TL4. The analysis of possible sources of sulfur highlighted a difference in the expression levels of the D-cysteine desulfhydrase enzyme between the two strains, and this activity is greater in all tested conditions compared to L-cysteine desulfhydrase activity, a difference particularly accentuated in the chromium-tolerant strain. A different regulation between the two strains of D-cysteine levels could be the basis of the large increase in this amino acid upon nutrient restoration after a period of sulfur deprivation, since the D form, unlike the L form, is excluded from the negative feedback regulation systems of the sulfate pathway. The second part of the project aimed to verify if the increase in cysteine production was a common mechanism also in other algal species adapted to environments subjected to chromium stress. To do this, we isolated and identified different species of microalgae from the sources of Mount Prinzera, an ophiolitic origin mountain near Parma, Italy, where the average concentrations of hexavalent chromium recorded during the year are 12 Cr(VI) µg/L. The chromium tolerance analysis carried out on some of the isolated species confirmed a tolerance to chromium concentrations higher than those present in the sampled waters. By comparing the chromium tolerance of two strains of the alga Chromochloris zofingiensis (strain isolated from the source of Mount Prinzera and commercial strain CCAP 211/14), we found that, although this species seems naturally insensitive to heavy metals, the isolated ecotype shows greater tolerance, and is therefore a suitable organism to expand studies on hexavalent chromium tolerance.
La disponibilità di zolfo e il suo metabolismo, in particolare i prodotti terminali del pathway come cisteina e glutatione giocano un importante ruolo nella tolleranza da metalli pesanti, cromo compreso, svolgendo un ruolo in particolare nella detossificazione dello stress ossidativo che la riduzione dei metalli pesanti spesso comporta, fenomeno noto come Sulfur Enhanced Defence (SED). Nella prima parte di questo progetto abbiamo investigato il ruolo degli enzimi coinvolti nella sintesi di cisteina in due ceppi con differente tolleranza al Cr(VI) di Scenedesmus acutus. Infatti, in seguito ad un periodo di deprivazione di zolfo seguito da un ripristino dei nutrienti, entrambi i ceppi mostrano un aumentata tolleranza al cromo e concentrazione più alte di cisteina libera, aumento particolarmente forte nel ceppo Cr-tollerante. L’aumento dell’attività di sintesi di cisteina trovato è in linea con l’aumentata espressione dei geni coinvolti nel complesso cisteina sintasi, in particolare SaSAT1, SaOAS-TL2 e SaOAS-TL4. L’analisi delle possibili fonti di solfuro ha evidenziato una differenza nei livelli di espressione dell’enzima D-cisteina desulfidrasi fra i due ceppi, inoltre questa attività è maggiore in tutte le condizioni testate rispetto all’attività L-cisteina desulfidrasica, differenza particolarmente accentuata nel ceppo cromo tollerante.Una differente regolazione fra i due ceppi dei livelli di D-cisteina potrebbe essere alla base del grande aumento dei livelli di questo aminoacido al ripristino dei nutrienti dopo un periodo di deprivazione di zolfo, dal momento che la forma D è, al contrario della forma L, esclusa dai sistemi di regolazione a feedback negativo del pathway del solfato. La seconda parte del progetto si proponeva di verificare se l’aumento della produzione di cisteina fosse un meccanismo comune anche in altre specie algali adattate ad ambienti sottoposti a stress da cromo. Per fare ciò abbiamo isolato e identificato differenti specie di microalghe dalle sorgenti del monte Prinzera, montagna di origine ofiolitica vicino a Parma, Italia, dove le concentrazioni medie di cromo esavalente registrate durante l’anno sono pari a 12 Cr(VI) µg/L. L’analisi di tolleranza al cromo effettuata su alcune delle specie isolate ha confermato una tolleranza a concentrazioni di cromo superiori a quelle presenti nelle acque campionate. Comparando la tolleranza al cromo di due ceppi dell’alga Chromochloris zofingiensis (ceppo isolato dalla sorgente del monte Prinzera e ceppo commerciale CCAP 211/14) abbiamo verificato come, per quanto questa specie sembri naturalmente poco sensibile ai metalli pesanti, l’ecotipo isolato mostri una maggiore tolleranza, e sia quindi un organismo adatto per espandere gli studi sulla tolleranza al cromo esavalente.
Meccanismi di tolleranza al cromo in alghe verdi unicellulari d’acqua dolce: ruolo del metabolismo del solfato
Giuseppe, Molinari
2024
Abstract
The availability of sulfur and its metabolism, particularly the terminal products of the pathway such as cysteine and glutathione, play an important role in the tolerance to heavy metals, including chromium, by playing a particular role in the detoxification of oxidative stress that the reduction of heavy metals often entails, a phenomenon known as Sulfur Enhanced Defence (SED). In the first part of this project, we investigated the role of enzymes involved in the synthesis of cysteine in two strains with different tolerance to Cr(VI) of Scenedesmus acutus. Indeed, following a period of sulfur deprivation followed by nutrient restoration, both strains show increased chromium tolerance and higher concentrations of free cysteine, with the increase being particularly pronounced in the Cr-tolerant strain The increase in cysteine synthesis activity found is in line with the increased expression of genes involved in the cysteine synthase complex, in particular SaSAT1, SaOAS-TL2, and SaOAS-TL4. The analysis of possible sources of sulfur highlighted a difference in the expression levels of the D-cysteine desulfhydrase enzyme between the two strains, and this activity is greater in all tested conditions compared to L-cysteine desulfhydrase activity, a difference particularly accentuated in the chromium-tolerant strain. A different regulation between the two strains of D-cysteine levels could be the basis of the large increase in this amino acid upon nutrient restoration after a period of sulfur deprivation, since the D form, unlike the L form, is excluded from the negative feedback regulation systems of the sulfate pathway. The second part of the project aimed to verify if the increase in cysteine production was a common mechanism also in other algal species adapted to environments subjected to chromium stress. To do this, we isolated and identified different species of microalgae from the sources of Mount Prinzera, an ophiolitic origin mountain near Parma, Italy, where the average concentrations of hexavalent chromium recorded during the year are 12 Cr(VI) µg/L. The chromium tolerance analysis carried out on some of the isolated species confirmed a tolerance to chromium concentrations higher than those present in the sampled waters. By comparing the chromium tolerance of two strains of the alga Chromochloris zofingiensis (strain isolated from the source of Mount Prinzera and commercial strain CCAP 211/14), we found that, although this species seems naturally insensitive to heavy metals, the isolated ecotype shows greater tolerance, and is therefore a suitable organism to expand studies on hexavalent chromium tolerance.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14242/196722
URN:NBN:IT:UNIPR-196722