This thesis expands the scope of PSMA-targeted therapeutics by presenting the development of novel Small Molecule-Drug Conjugates (SMDCs) and combination treatment modalities. Pluvicto® (177Lu-PSMA-617), a Lutetium-177-labeled Radio Ligand Therapeutic (RLT), is at present the only PSMA-targeted therapeutic product that has received marketing authorization for the treatment of patients with metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC). The product possesses excellent antigen binding properties, and was able to extend overall survival by 4 months in the treated group (VISION Phase III trial). However, eventually all patients relapsed and some had to discontinue the therapy because of side effects, caused by unwanted accumulation in healthy tissues, namely kidneys and salivary glands, which led to dose limiting toxicity and prevented escalation to potentially more curative levels. The first part of the thesis demonstrates that the therapeutic efficacy of Pluvicto® can be significantly enhanced by the combination with L19-IL2, a Phase III clinical-stage immunocytokine product based on tumor-targeted Interleukin-2. The mechanism of action of the synergistic effects of Pluvicto® and L19-IL2 was investigated through proteomic analysis of upregulated immune markers. Considering both products have been administered to a vast number of patients, the approval of new clinical trials could be simplified, and there could be significant implications to the field of metastatic prostate cancer. The second part of the thesis focuses on the development of a novel class of PSMA-targeted SMDCs. The efficacy of cleavage of commonly utilized linkers in the ADC field (i.e., Valine-Citrulline, and disulfide bridges) is compared against Glycine-Proline, a post-prolyl peptidase cleavable linker developed by our group. The latter demonstrated superior payload release characteristics, as determined by ex vivo quantitative mass-spectrometry-driven biodistribution studies, which translated well in an in vivo therapy experiment. The lead candidate was named OncoPSMA-GlyPro-MMAE and could elicit a cure in 1/5 PSMA-positive tumor-bearing mice. The SMDC, in combination with L19-IL2, could cure all treated animals in a follow-up experiment at a reduced injection frequency (2 instead of 3 days), suggesting a synergistic effect that further strengthened the versatility of this therapeutic combination modality. PSMA has been validated by nuclear medicine studies as a target for prostate cancer, but its presence in healthy tissues and its heterogeneous expression in cancer lesions limits the clinical success of PSMA-targeted diagnostic and therapeutic products. Our group investigated Prostatic Acid Phosphatase (ACP3) as an alternative target for prostate cancer, which is expressed in >98% of prostate cancer (PC) lesions and is not found in other healthy organs besides the prostate. The third part of the thesis involves the discovery and affinity maturation of ACP3-targeted ligands using our DNA-Encoded Chemical Library (DEL) technology. The lead candidate discovered from DELs was named “OncoACP3”. This picomolar targeting moiety was incorporated into RLTs, fluorescent dye-conjugates, and SMDCs. The RLT 177Lu-OncoACP3-DOTAGA proved to be the best theranostic agent, with a high %injected dose/gram at the site of disease (~70%ID/g, 2h after administration) and tumor half-life of above 72h, which translated in complete cures in 4/4 animals with a single injection at a moderate radioactive dose of 20 MBq per mouse (5.6 GBq human equivalent dose of 70 kg patient). Autoradiography studies on patient-derived tissues showed superior accumulation on prostate cancer tissue sections as compared to Pluvicto®, with no salivary gland uptake. Studi di autoradiografia su tessuti derivati da pazienti hanno mostrato un accumulo superiore su sezioni di tessuto di cancro alla prostata rispetto a Pluvicto®, senza assorbimento da parte delle ghiandole salivari.
Questa tesi amplia l'ambito dei farmaci mirati al PSMA presentando lo sviluppo di nuovi coniugati di piccole molecole-farmaco (SMDC) e modalità di trattamento combinate. Pluvicto® (177Lu-PSMA-617), un radio ligando terapeutico (RLT) marcato con lutezio-177, è attualmente l'unico prodotto terapeutico mirato a PSMA che ha ricevuto l'autorizzazione all'immissione in commercio per il trattamento di pazienti con carcinoma prostatico metastatico resistente alla castrazione (mCRPC). Il prodotto possiede eccellenti proprietà di legame con l'antigene ed è stato in grado di prolungare la sopravvivenza globale di 4 mesi nel gruppo trattato (studio VISION di fase III). Tuttavia, alla fine tutti i pazienti hanno avuto una ricaduta e alcuni hanno dovuto interrompere la terapia a causa degli effetti collaterali, causati dall'accumulo indesiderato nei tessuti sani, in particolare nei reni e nelle ghiandole salivari, che ha portato a una tossicità limitante per la dose e ha impedito l'escalation a livelli potenzialmente più curativi. La prima parte della tesi dimostra che l'efficacia terapeutica di Pluvicto® può essere significativamente potenziata in combinazione con l'Interleuchina 2 mirata al tumore (L19-IL2), un prodotto immunocitochinico in fase clinica III. Il meccanismo d'azione degli effetti sinergici di Pluvicto® e L19-IL2 è stato indagato attraverso l'analisi proteomica dei marcatori immunitari regolati. Considerando che entrambi i prodotti sono ben studiati nei pazienti, l'approvazione di nuovi studi clinici potrebbe essere semplificata e potrebbero esserci implicazioni significative nel campo del cancro alla prostata metastatico. La seconda parte della tesi si concentra sullo sviluppo di una nuova classe di SMDC mirati al PSMA. L'efficacia del clivaggio dei linker comunemente utilizzati nel campo degli ADC (ad esempio, valina-citrullina e ponti disolfuro) viene confrontata con la glicina-prolina, un linker clivabile con peptidasi post-prolilica sviluppato dal nostro gruppo. Quest'ultimo ha dimostrato caratteristiche superiori di rilascio del carico utile, come determinato da studi di biodistribuzione quantitativa ex vivo guidati dalla spettrometria di massa, che si sono tradotti bene in un esperimento di terapia in vivo. Il candidato principale è stato chiamato OncoPSMA-GlyPro-MMAE ed è stato in grado di provocare una cura in 1/5 dei topi portatori di tumore PSMA-positivo. L'SMDC, in combinazione con L19-IL2, è stato in grado di curare tutti gli animali trattati in un esperimento di follow-up con una frequenza di iniezione ridotta (2 invece di 3 giorni), suggerendo un effetto sinergico che ha ulteriormente rafforzato la versatilità di questa modalità di combinazione terapeutica. La PSMA è stata convalidata dalla medicina nucleare come bersaglio per il cancro alla prostata, ma la sua presenza nei tessuti sani e l'espressione eterogenea nelle lesioni tumorali limitano il successo clinico dei prodotti diagnostici e terapeutici mirati alla PSMA. Il nostro gruppo ha studiato la fosfatasi acida prostatica (ACP3) come bersaglio alternativo per il cancro alla prostata, che è espressa in oltre il 98% delle lesioni del cancro alla prostata (PC) e non si trova in altri organi sani oltre alla prostata. La terza parte della tesi riguarda la scoperta e la maturazione per affinità di ligandi mirati ad ACP3 utilizzando la nostra tecnologia DNA-Encoded Chemical Library (DEL). Il candidato principale scoperto dalla DEL è stato chiamato “OncoACP3”. Questa molecola di targeting picomolare è stata incorporata in RLT, coniugati con coloranti fluorescenti e SMDC. L'RLT 177Lu-OncoACP3-DOTAGA si è rivelato il miglior agente terapeutico, con un'elevata % di dose/grammo iniettata nel sito della malattia (~70%ID/g, 2h dopo la somministrazione) e un'emivita tumorale superiore a 72h, che si è tradotta in guarigioni complete in 4/4 animali con una singola iniezione a una dose radioattiva moderata di 20 MBq per topo.
Sviluppo di nuovi terapeutici a base di piccole molecole contro il cancro alla prostata metastatico
GEORGIEV, TONY TOLEV
2025
Abstract
This thesis expands the scope of PSMA-targeted therapeutics by presenting the development of novel Small Molecule-Drug Conjugates (SMDCs) and combination treatment modalities. Pluvicto® (177Lu-PSMA-617), a Lutetium-177-labeled Radio Ligand Therapeutic (RLT), is at present the only PSMA-targeted therapeutic product that has received marketing authorization for the treatment of patients with metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC). The product possesses excellent antigen binding properties, and was able to extend overall survival by 4 months in the treated group (VISION Phase III trial). However, eventually all patients relapsed and some had to discontinue the therapy because of side effects, caused by unwanted accumulation in healthy tissues, namely kidneys and salivary glands, which led to dose limiting toxicity and prevented escalation to potentially more curative levels. The first part of the thesis demonstrates that the therapeutic efficacy of Pluvicto® can be significantly enhanced by the combination with L19-IL2, a Phase III clinical-stage immunocytokine product based on tumor-targeted Interleukin-2. The mechanism of action of the synergistic effects of Pluvicto® and L19-IL2 was investigated through proteomic analysis of upregulated immune markers. Considering both products have been administered to a vast number of patients, the approval of new clinical trials could be simplified, and there could be significant implications to the field of metastatic prostate cancer. The second part of the thesis focuses on the development of a novel class of PSMA-targeted SMDCs. The efficacy of cleavage of commonly utilized linkers in the ADC field (i.e., Valine-Citrulline, and disulfide bridges) is compared against Glycine-Proline, a post-prolyl peptidase cleavable linker developed by our group. The latter demonstrated superior payload release characteristics, as determined by ex vivo quantitative mass-spectrometry-driven biodistribution studies, which translated well in an in vivo therapy experiment. The lead candidate was named OncoPSMA-GlyPro-MMAE and could elicit a cure in 1/5 PSMA-positive tumor-bearing mice. The SMDC, in combination with L19-IL2, could cure all treated animals in a follow-up experiment at a reduced injection frequency (2 instead of 3 days), suggesting a synergistic effect that further strengthened the versatility of this therapeutic combination modality. PSMA has been validated by nuclear medicine studies as a target for prostate cancer, but its presence in healthy tissues and its heterogeneous expression in cancer lesions limits the clinical success of PSMA-targeted diagnostic and therapeutic products. Our group investigated Prostatic Acid Phosphatase (ACP3) as an alternative target for prostate cancer, which is expressed in >98% of prostate cancer (PC) lesions and is not found in other healthy organs besides the prostate. The third part of the thesis involves the discovery and affinity maturation of ACP3-targeted ligands using our DNA-Encoded Chemical Library (DEL) technology. The lead candidate discovered from DELs was named “OncoACP3”. This picomolar targeting moiety was incorporated into RLTs, fluorescent dye-conjugates, and SMDCs. The RLT 177Lu-OncoACP3-DOTAGA proved to be the best theranostic agent, with a high %injected dose/gram at the site of disease (~70%ID/g, 2h after administration) and tumor half-life of above 72h, which translated in complete cures in 4/4 animals with a single injection at a moderate radioactive dose of 20 MBq per mouse (5.6 GBq human equivalent dose of 70 kg patient). Autoradiography studies on patient-derived tissues showed superior accumulation on prostate cancer tissue sections as compared to Pluvicto®, with no salivary gland uptake. Studi di autoradiografia su tessuti derivati da pazienti hanno mostrato un accumulo superiore su sezioni di tessuto di cancro alla prostata rispetto a Pluvicto®, senza assorbimento da parte delle ghiandole salivari.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14242/197412
URN:NBN:IT:IUSSPAVIA-197412