Leucine-rich repeat transmembrane neuronal protein 4 (LRRTM4) is part of the LRRTM family, which are cell adhesion molecules (CAM) involved in the development and functioning of neuronal synapses. Aberrations affecting molecular recognition mechanisms associated to these proteins can lead to impaired synapse formation and have been implicated in various neurological disorders and retinal diseases. LRRTM4 is specifically localized at excitatory synapses, interacting with heparan sulphate proteoglycans (HSPGs), a group of proteins characterized by heparan sulphate (HS) O-glycosylation. The binding of LRRTM4 to HSPGs is significant, because it mediates synaptic adhesion, allowing the clustering of postsynaptic proteins and the recruitment of presynaptic partners. In this work, we characterized the interactions between human LRRTM4 and two HSPGs, namely Pikachurin and Glypican-5. Pikachurin is localized in the extracellular matrix of the retina, specifically in the synaptic cleft between photoreceptor cells (rods and cones) and bipolar cells, where the formers detect light and convert it into electrical signals transmitted to the latters and subsequently to the brain for visual processing. Pikachurin is a highly conserved multi-domain HSPG that plays a pivotal role in synaptic alignment, essential for normal vision. Alterations affecting Pikachurin function are linked to visual impairments such as congenital stationary night blindness (CSNB). Glypican-5 (GPC-5) is a member of the glypican family, consisting of HSPGs anchored to the cell membrane via a glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI) anchor. This protein is notably expressed in the central nervous system, where it is directly involved in neuronal differentiation, axon guidance, and synapse formation. Although poorly characterized compared to other glypicans, emerging research has linked GPC-5 to several diseases, including cancers and several genetic disorders. Here, using an integrative structural approach, we demonstrated the direct binding of LRRTM4 to the two HSPGs, defining affinity and stoichiometry, and set the grounds for understanding the molecular mechanism underlying direct CAM:HS interactions. Together, our findings offer opportunities for the future development of therapeutic strategies against highly invalidating pathologies involving poorly characterized macromolecular targets.
La proteina transmembrane LRRTM4 fa parte della famiglia delle LRRTM, la quale comprende molecole di adesione cellulare (CAM) coinvolte nello sviluppo e nel corretto funzionamento delle sinapsi neuronali. Alterazioni che influenzano i meccanismi molecolari di riconoscimento associati a tali proteine possono compromettere la corretta formazione delle sinapsi e la conseguente insorgenza di malattie neurologiche ed oculari. LRRTM4 è localizzata specificatamente nelle sinapsi eccitatorie, dove interagisce con gli eparan solfato proteoglicani (HSPG), i quali rappresentano un gruppo di proteine caratterizzate da O-glicosilazioni composte da eparan solfato (HS). Il legame tra LRRTM4 e gli HPSG è di particolare interesse poiché media l’adesione sinaptica, permettendo così il clustering delle proteine postsinaptiche e il reclutamento dei partner presinaptici. In questo lavoro, abbiamo caratterizzato le interazioni tra LRRTM4 umana e due HSPG, chiamati Pikachurin e Glypican-5. Pikachurin è localizzato nella matrice extracellulare della retina, per la precisione nella fessura sinaptica tra i fotorecettori (bastoncelli e coni) e le cellule bipolari, dove i primi captano la luce e la convertono in segnali elettrici che vengono trasmessi ai secondi, per poi essere successivamente inviati a specifiche aree del cervello dedite all’elaborazione visiva. Pikachurin è un proteoglicano altamente conservato che ricopre un ruolo fondamentale nell’allineamento delle sinapsi, necessario per una corretta visione. Alterazioni che coinvolgono Pikachurin sono collegate a malattie visive come la cecità notturna stazionaria congenita (CSNB). Glypican-5 (GPC-5) fa parte della famiglia dei Glypican, la quale comprende HSPG fissati alle membrane cellulari tramite un’ancora composta da glicosilfosfatidilinositolo (GPI). Questa proteina è notoriamente espressa nel sistema nervoso centrale, dove è direttamente coinvolta nel differenziamento neuronale, sviluppo assonale e formazione sinaptica. Sebbene scarsamente caratterizzata rispetto agli altri membri della famiglia, recenti studi hanno collegato GPC5 a diversi disturbi, inclusi alcune tipologie di cancro e malattie genetiche. Usando un approccio strutturale integrativo, abbiamo dimostrato il legame tra LRRTM4 e i due HSPG, specificandone affinità e stechiometria, fissando inoltre le basi per la comprensione dei meccanismi molecolari che si celano dietro le iterazioni tra CAM e HS. Inoltre, i risultati del nostro studio offrono nuove opportunità per lo sviluppo di terapie contro malattie altamente invalidanti che riguardano queste proteine scarsamente conosciute.
LRRTM4: DECODING ITS AFFINITY TO HEPARAN SULPHATE PROTEOGLYCANS INVOLVED IN SYNAPTOGENESIS
LIBERI, STEFANO
2025
Abstract
Leucine-rich repeat transmembrane neuronal protein 4 (LRRTM4) is part of the LRRTM family, which are cell adhesion molecules (CAM) involved in the development and functioning of neuronal synapses. Aberrations affecting molecular recognition mechanisms associated to these proteins can lead to impaired synapse formation and have been implicated in various neurological disorders and retinal diseases. LRRTM4 is specifically localized at excitatory synapses, interacting with heparan sulphate proteoglycans (HSPGs), a group of proteins characterized by heparan sulphate (HS) O-glycosylation. The binding of LRRTM4 to HSPGs is significant, because it mediates synaptic adhesion, allowing the clustering of postsynaptic proteins and the recruitment of presynaptic partners. In this work, we characterized the interactions between human LRRTM4 and two HSPGs, namely Pikachurin and Glypican-5. Pikachurin is localized in the extracellular matrix of the retina, specifically in the synaptic cleft between photoreceptor cells (rods and cones) and bipolar cells, where the formers detect light and convert it into electrical signals transmitted to the latters and subsequently to the brain for visual processing. Pikachurin is a highly conserved multi-domain HSPG that plays a pivotal role in synaptic alignment, essential for normal vision. Alterations affecting Pikachurin function are linked to visual impairments such as congenital stationary night blindness (CSNB). Glypican-5 (GPC-5) is a member of the glypican family, consisting of HSPGs anchored to the cell membrane via a glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI) anchor. This protein is notably expressed in the central nervous system, where it is directly involved in neuronal differentiation, axon guidance, and synapse formation. Although poorly characterized compared to other glypicans, emerging research has linked GPC-5 to several diseases, including cancers and several genetic disorders. Here, using an integrative structural approach, we demonstrated the direct binding of LRRTM4 to the two HSPGs, defining affinity and stoichiometry, and set the grounds for understanding the molecular mechanism underlying direct CAM:HS interactions. Together, our findings offer opportunities for the future development of therapeutic strategies against highly invalidating pathologies involving poorly characterized macromolecular targets.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14242/197415
URN:NBN:IT:IUSSPAVIA-197415