Preserving heritage in a changing environment. Strategie proattive per il consolidamento dei materiali lapidei porosi: il caso dei Sassi di Matera

The study explores the challenges related to the conservation of architectural heritage, focusing specifically on the context of the Sassi of Matera (Basilicata region, Italy), UNESCO World Heritage site of global significance. In this context, the predominant use of calcarenite, a highly porous carbonate sedimentary rock, makes the structures particularly vulnerable to decay processes, accelerated by climate change. The deterioration of calcarenite, exacerbated by factors such as humidity, erosion, and air pollution, requires an integrated approach that combines traditional methods with innovative techniques. The research focuses on the evaluation of various consolidation strategies, including the use of calcium hydroxide nanoparticles and silica nanoparticles, to improve the mechanical strength and microstructural stability of the stone substrate while preserving its original chemical-physical and aesthetic characteristics. Through a multi-analytical approach and the use of non-destructive diagnostic techniques, the study assessed the penetration and effectiveness of the consolidation treatments, as well as their durability over time. The experimental approach allowed the identification of the most effective solutions within the framework of preventive and adaptive conservation. The experimental tests were performed at LAMA – Laboratory for Analysing Materials of Ancient origin at the IUAV University of Venice, under the supervision of Prof. Fabrizio Antonelli and Dr. Elena Tesser. The results provide guidelines for defining conservation strategies aimed at increasing the resilience of cultural heritage to the impacts of climate change (§ 2.7), ensuring its long-term protection and transmission to future generations.