This thesis, entitled Climate Change and Child Health: a Life Course Perspective explores the intersections between child health, socioeconomic status, and climate change. It aims to provide a life-course framework for studying the health impacts of emerging environmental threats, exploiting the critical window of vulnerability represented by early life to prevent harm and identify entry points for effective intervention. The first chapter presents an overview of how environmental epidemiology adapted to global environmental changes. It introduces the exposome research and the concept of planetary health with a particular focus on child health. A life-course epidemiology approach is used to identify vulnerability periods and find appropriate methodologies to provide insight into long-term health trends. The thesis is then structured into three distinct sections, as examples of the application of this life-course framework. The second chapter is a systematic review assessing whether income support interventions in early life can improve health outcomes. The results indicate that early income support interventions were associated with increased birth weight and improved mental health in infancy. However, the evidence came almost entirely from the United States, and, other than the two outcomes mentioned above, no other outcomes were assessed. While further research is needed to assess the external validity of these findings, income support interventions in early life could potentially reduce health inequalities, which is fundamental to addressing emerging climate and environmental threats. The third chapter uses data from the Italian Piccolipiù birth cohort to explore the role of diet as a determinant of both health status and environmental impact. We assessed the relationship between diet-related environmental impacts - in terms of land use and greenhouse gas emissions - and children's weight and height status at 4 years of age. We found that high-impact diets were associated with higher odds of being overweight, while the lowest-impact diets were associated with lower height. Pro-Mediterranean dietary patterns were associated with increased height without being related to overweight status. These findings suggest that further research is needed to develop detailed, sustainable dietary guidelines for young children that benefit both health and the environment The fourth chapter is based on the NINFEA birth cohort and provides a life-course framework to assess the impact of cumulative exposure to climate-related extreme weather events on health. In particular, we focused on exposures in the first year of life and wheezing in early life, as it is a predictor of asthma development and respiratory health in later life. We found an association between exposure to higher temperatures and drought with the incidence of wheezing in infancy, suggesting that respiratory health may be affected by climate-related extreme events and the need to mitigate climate change to protect long-term health. The overall implications of the findings are highlighted in the final chapter and add to the existing body of knowledge providing evidence of the links between health, socio-economic inequalities, and climate-related exposures. In addition, these findings highlight the potential of birth cohorts as a setting for studying the long-term health effects of global environmental change. Advances in methodologies that address multiple exposures, interactions, and complex relationships between variables will be needed to establish links between the three areas of this work and will be fundamental to integrating such findings into a broader planetary health framework that aims to preserve the health of human civilization and the environment in which it lives.
La tesi esplora le relazioni tra salute infantile, stato socioeconomico e cambiamento climatico e ha l’obiettivo di studiare gli impatti sulla salute derivanti dai cambiamenti climatici e ambientali con una prospettiva derivata dall’epidemiologia life-course, che sfrutta la finestra di vulnerabilità della prima infanzia per prevenire danni e identificare punti di intervento efficaci. Il primo capitolo tratta del ruolo dell’epidemiologia ambientale nello studio dei cambiamenti climatici e ambientali globali. Viene introdotto il concetto di esposoma e di salute planetaria. L’approccio life-course è utilizzato per identificare finestre di vulnerabilità e metodologie adeguate per studiare le tendenze di salute a lungo termine. La tesi è strutturata in tre sezioni distinte, che rappresentano esempi di applicazione di questo approccio. Il secondo capitolo è una revisione sistematica che valuta l’efficacia degli interventi di supporto al reddito nella prima infanzia nel migliorare la salute. I risultati indicano un'associazione di questi interventi con un aumento del peso alla nascita e a un miglioramento della salute mentale infantile. Tuttavia, le evidenze provengono quasi esclusivamente dagli Stati Uniti e non sono stati valutati altri esiti di salute, oltre ai due già menzionati. Sebbene siano necessari ulteriori studi per valutare la validità esterna di questi risultati, gli interventi di supporto al reddito nella prima infanzia potrebbero potenzialmente ridurre le disuguaglianze di salute, un elemento fondamentale per garantire alla popolazione gli stessi mezzi per affrontare le nuove minacce climatiche. Il terzo capitolo utilizza i dati della coorte di nascita italiana Piccolipiù per esaminare il ruolo della dieta come determinante sia dello stato di salute che di impatto ambientale. È stata valutata la relazione tra l'impatto ambientale della dieta, in termini di utilizzo del suolo ed emissioni di gas serra, e lo stato di sovrappeso e altezza dei bambini a 4 anni di età. È emersa un'associazione tra le diete ad alto impatto ambientale e un maggiore rischio di sovrappeso. Le diete a basso impatto erano associate a una minore altezza. I modelli alimentari pro-Mediterranei erano associati a un aumento dell'altezza ma non con il rischio di sovrappeso. Questi risultati suggeriscono la necessità di evidenze per poter sviluppare linee guida per una dieta sana e sostenibile per la popolazione infantile e in età scolare, che apportino benefici sia alla salute che all'ambiente. Il quarto capitolo usa i dati della coorte di nascita NINFEA e propone una metodologia basata sulla life-course epidemiology per valutare l'impatto dell'esposizione cumulativa a eventi climatici estremi sulla salute. In particolare, tra le esposizioni a questi eventi durante il primo anno di vita e l’insorgenza di fischi e sibili al torace nella prima infanzia, episodi che possono predire l’insorgenza di asma e peggior funzionalità respiratoria in età successive. L’esposizione a temperature elevate e siccità è risultata associata all’insorgenza di fischi e sibili al torace durante l'infanzia. I risultati di questo studio sottolineano l'importanza di mitigare il cambiamento climatico per proteggere la salute a lungo termine. L'ultimo capitolo discute le implicazioni dei risultati dei tre studi e il loro contributo alla letteratura scientifica esistente, fornendo evidenze sui legami tra disuguaglianze socioeconomiche, cambiamenti climatici e salute e sul potenziale delle coorti di nascita come contesto per studiare gli effetti a lungo termine di queste esposizioni. Sono necessarie metodologie che affrontino esposizioni multiple, interazioni e relazioni complesse tra le variabili per studiare le potenziali intersezioni tra le tre aree di questo lavoro. Inoltre, si discute di come poter integrare i risultati ottenuti in un quadro più ampio di salute planetaria.
Cambiamento climatico e salute infantile: una prospettiva life-course.
MARITANO, SILVIA
2025
Abstract
This thesis, entitled Climate Change and Child Health: a Life Course Perspective explores the intersections between child health, socioeconomic status, and climate change. It aims to provide a life-course framework for studying the health impacts of emerging environmental threats, exploiting the critical window of vulnerability represented by early life to prevent harm and identify entry points for effective intervention. The first chapter presents an overview of how environmental epidemiology adapted to global environmental changes. It introduces the exposome research and the concept of planetary health with a particular focus on child health. A life-course epidemiology approach is used to identify vulnerability periods and find appropriate methodologies to provide insight into long-term health trends. The thesis is then structured into three distinct sections, as examples of the application of this life-course framework. The second chapter is a systematic review assessing whether income support interventions in early life can improve health outcomes. The results indicate that early income support interventions were associated with increased birth weight and improved mental health in infancy. However, the evidence came almost entirely from the United States, and, other than the two outcomes mentioned above, no other outcomes were assessed. While further research is needed to assess the external validity of these findings, income support interventions in early life could potentially reduce health inequalities, which is fundamental to addressing emerging climate and environmental threats. The third chapter uses data from the Italian Piccolipiù birth cohort to explore the role of diet as a determinant of both health status and environmental impact. We assessed the relationship between diet-related environmental impacts - in terms of land use and greenhouse gas emissions - and children's weight and height status at 4 years of age. We found that high-impact diets were associated with higher odds of being overweight, while the lowest-impact diets were associated with lower height. Pro-Mediterranean dietary patterns were associated with increased height without being related to overweight status. These findings suggest that further research is needed to develop detailed, sustainable dietary guidelines for young children that benefit both health and the environment The fourth chapter is based on the NINFEA birth cohort and provides a life-course framework to assess the impact of cumulative exposure to climate-related extreme weather events on health. In particular, we focused on exposures in the first year of life and wheezing in early life, as it is a predictor of asthma development and respiratory health in later life. We found an association between exposure to higher temperatures and drought with the incidence of wheezing in infancy, suggesting that respiratory health may be affected by climate-related extreme events and the need to mitigate climate change to protect long-term health. The overall implications of the findings are highlighted in the final chapter and add to the existing body of knowledge providing evidence of the links between health, socio-economic inequalities, and climate-related exposures. In addition, these findings highlight the potential of birth cohorts as a setting for studying the long-term health effects of global environmental change. Advances in methodologies that address multiple exposures, interactions, and complex relationships between variables will be needed to establish links between the three areas of this work and will be fundamental to integrating such findings into a broader planetary health framework that aims to preserve the health of human civilization and the environment in which it lives.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14242/201028
URN:NBN:IT:IUSSPAVIA-201028