Plastic pollution and climate change constitute major environmental challenges threatening the marine ecosystem. While the widespread production and use of plastics have markedly increased the probability of their contamination of the environment, the continuing effect of climate change especially on marine biota is worrisome. The present thesis aims to explore the connection between plastic pollution and climate change, evaluate the abundance of plastic debris in the coastal environment, and highlight the evidence of the combined effects of plastic pollution and climate change on the Mediterranean mussel. The first study (chapter 1) of this thesis investigated the connection between microplastics and climate change. In this review study, we discussed plastic contribution to climate change; plastic degradation and climate change in the marine environment; biofilm’s role in microplastic degradation in the marine environment; plastics and climate change interaction in the marine environment and provided recommendations for plastic mitigation. The results show that the entire plastic lifecycle, including production, transportation, waste, and degradation contributes to an increase in greenhouse gas emissions. Results also show that plastic pollution and climate change could cause alteration to carbon sequestration and impact marine carbon pumps. Evidence suggests that extreme weather events due to climate change can increase the distribution of plastic litter that reaches the marine environment. The second study (chapter 2) of the present thesis quantified and evaluated the abundance of plastic debris intercepted by the deposits of Posidonia oceanica banquettes on the Maltese beaches which include Qalet Marku, Xemxija, and Ramla tal-Qortin. Compelling evidence indicates that plastics can emit greenhouse gases at their end-of-life, including in landfills, which suggests that plastics may continue to release greenhouse gases (GHGs) when contained within deposits of Posidonia oceanica banquettes, thereby exacerbating climate change. This study on the other hand presents evidence of plastic accumulation within seagrass wrack. In this study, we found 1913 plastic items across the three beaches. The average concentration of plastic items recorded in Qalet Marku was 24.75 items/m2. In Xemxija, the average concentration was 102.42 items/m2 while the average concentration in Ramla tal-Qortin was 32.25 items/m2. Xemxija was the most polluted beach, exhibiting significant anthropogenic activities in its vicinity. The study thus establishes baseline evidence of macro-, meso-, and micro-plastic burden within the banquette of Posidonia oceanica on Maltese beaches. The third study (chapter 3) of this thesis investigated the combined effects of exposing Mytilus galloprovincialis to environmentally relevant polystyrene microplastics (100MPs/ml) and rising temperatures (22oC, 25oC, 28oC). In this study, mortality, oxidative stress, and histopathological responses were evaluated. The results show that there was a progressive increase in oxidative stress, with a noticeable rise in MDA content. Mortality only occurred at the highest temperature (28oC). Histological damages were observed in both gills and digestive glands. Thus, this investigation offers evidence of the combined impact of elevated temperatures and microplastic ingestion on marine mussels.
L'inquinamento da plastica e i cambiamenti climatici costituiscono le principali sfide ambientali che minacciano l'ecosistema marino. Mentre la produzione e l'uso diffusi di materie plastiche hanno notevolmente aumentato la probabilità di contaminazione dell'ambiente, l'effetto continuo del cambiamento climatico, soprattutto sul biota marino, è preoccupante. La presente tesi si propone di esplorare la connessione tra inquinamento da plastica e cambiamenti climatici, valutare l'abbondanza di detriti di plastica nell'ambiente costiero ed evidenziare le prove degli effetti combinati dell'inquinamento da plastica e dei cambiamenti climatici sulla cozza mediterranea. Il primo studio (capitolo 1) di questa tesi ha indagato la connessione tra microplastiche e cambiamenti climatici. In questo studio di revisione, abbiamo discusso del contributo della plastica al cambiamento climatico; degrado della plastica e cambiamenti climatici nell'ambiente marino; ruolo del biofilm nella degradazione delle microplastiche nell'ambiente marino; l'interazione tra plastica e cambiamenti climatici nell'ambiente marino e ha fornito raccomandazioni per la mitigazione della plastica. I risultati mostrano che l'intero ciclo di vita della plastica, compresa la produzione, il trasporto, i rifiuti e la degradazione, contribuisce ad aumentare le emissioni di gas serra. I risultati mostrano anche che l'inquinamento da plastica e il cambiamento climatico potrebbero causare alterazioni del sequestro del carbonio e avere un impatto sulle pompe di carbonio marino. Le prove suggeriscono che gli eventi meteorologici estremi dovuti ai cambiamenti climatici possono aumentare la distribuzione di rifiuti di plastica che raggiungono l'ambiente marino. Il secondo studio (capitolo 2) della presente tesi ha quantificato e valutato l'abbondanza di detriti plastici intercettati dai depositi di Posidonia oceanica banquettes sulle spiagge maltesi che includono Qalet Marku, Xemxija e Ramla tal-Qortin. Prove convincenti indicano che la plastica può emettere gas serra alla fine del suo ciclo di vita, anche nelle discariche, il che suggerisce che la plastica può continuare a rilasciare gas serra (GHG) se contenuta all'interno dei depositi di banchetti di Posidonia oceanica, esacerbando così il cambiamento climatico. Questo studio, d'altra parte, presenta prove di accumulo di plastica all'interno dell'alga marina. In questo studio, abbiamo trovato 1913 oggetti di plastica nelle tre spiagge. La concentrazione media di articoli in plastica registrata a Qalet Marku è stata di 24,75 pezzi/m2. A Xemxija, la concentrazione media è stata di 102,42 pezzi/m2, mentre la concentrazione media a Ramla tal-Qortin è stata di 32,25 pezzi/m2. Xemxija era la spiaggia più inquinata, che mostrava significative attività antropiche nelle sue vicinanze. Lo studio stabilisce quindi l'evidenza di base del carico di macro, meso e microplastiche all'interno del banchetto di Posidonia oceanica sulle spiagge maltesi. Il terzo studio (capitolo 3) di questa tesi ha indagato gli effetti combinati dell'esposizione di Mytilus galloprovincialis a microplastiche di polistirene rilevanti per l'ambiente (100MPs/ml) e dell'aumento delle temperature (22oC, 25oC, 28oC). In questo studio sono stati valutati la mortalità, lo stress ossidativo e le risposte istopatologiche. I risultati mostrano che c'è stato un progressivo aumento dello stress ossidativo, con un notevole aumento del contenuto di MDA. La mortalità si è verificata solo alla temperatura più alta (28oC). Sono stati osservati danni istologici sia nelle branchie che nelle ghiandole digestive. Pertanto, questa indagine offre la prova dell'impatto combinato delle temperature elevate e dell'ingestione di microplastiche sulle cozze marine.
Inquinamento da plastica e cambiamenti climatici: potenziali minacce per la vita marina
AFENIFORO, TOSIN SAMUEL
2025
Abstract
Plastic pollution and climate change constitute major environmental challenges threatening the marine ecosystem. While the widespread production and use of plastics have markedly increased the probability of their contamination of the environment, the continuing effect of climate change especially on marine biota is worrisome. The present thesis aims to explore the connection between plastic pollution and climate change, evaluate the abundance of plastic debris in the coastal environment, and highlight the evidence of the combined effects of plastic pollution and climate change on the Mediterranean mussel. The first study (chapter 1) of this thesis investigated the connection between microplastics and climate change. In this review study, we discussed plastic contribution to climate change; plastic degradation and climate change in the marine environment; biofilm’s role in microplastic degradation in the marine environment; plastics and climate change interaction in the marine environment and provided recommendations for plastic mitigation. The results show that the entire plastic lifecycle, including production, transportation, waste, and degradation contributes to an increase in greenhouse gas emissions. Results also show that plastic pollution and climate change could cause alteration to carbon sequestration and impact marine carbon pumps. Evidence suggests that extreme weather events due to climate change can increase the distribution of plastic litter that reaches the marine environment. The second study (chapter 2) of the present thesis quantified and evaluated the abundance of plastic debris intercepted by the deposits of Posidonia oceanica banquettes on the Maltese beaches which include Qalet Marku, Xemxija, and Ramla tal-Qortin. Compelling evidence indicates that plastics can emit greenhouse gases at their end-of-life, including in landfills, which suggests that plastics may continue to release greenhouse gases (GHGs) when contained within deposits of Posidonia oceanica banquettes, thereby exacerbating climate change. This study on the other hand presents evidence of plastic accumulation within seagrass wrack. In this study, we found 1913 plastic items across the three beaches. The average concentration of plastic items recorded in Qalet Marku was 24.75 items/m2. In Xemxija, the average concentration was 102.42 items/m2 while the average concentration in Ramla tal-Qortin was 32.25 items/m2. Xemxija was the most polluted beach, exhibiting significant anthropogenic activities in its vicinity. The study thus establishes baseline evidence of macro-, meso-, and micro-plastic burden within the banquette of Posidonia oceanica on Maltese beaches. The third study (chapter 3) of this thesis investigated the combined effects of exposing Mytilus galloprovincialis to environmentally relevant polystyrene microplastics (100MPs/ml) and rising temperatures (22oC, 25oC, 28oC). In this study, mortality, oxidative stress, and histopathological responses were evaluated. The results show that there was a progressive increase in oxidative stress, with a noticeable rise in MDA content. Mortality only occurred at the highest temperature (28oC). Histological damages were observed in both gills and digestive glands. Thus, this investigation offers evidence of the combined impact of elevated temperatures and microplastic ingestion on marine mussels.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14242/201033
URN:NBN:IT:IUSSPAVIA-201033