Throughout our whole life, we are exposed to chemical, physical, biological, psychological and sociological factors. Starting from the historical debate “nature” versus “nurture”, these factors define the concept of “exposome” (particularly relevant in the era of environmental/global changes) that can positively or negatively influence our mental/physical health. Starting from an extensive review of the literature regarding the exposome effects on the central nervous system, the aim of this thesis was to set-up the experimental conditions and unravel the stress impact on amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) pathogenesis (as example of neurodegenerative disease), by using three experimental models. First, we provided an overview of current knowledge on the exposome effects on the brain, at different life stages (neurodevelopment/childhood, adulthood, physiological aging and neurodegenerative conditions), focusing in particular on climate and global change, stressor-related disorders, traumatic events, nature and volatile organic compounds. We highlighted the relevance of the exposomics in the achievement of the SDG3, which aims to "ensure healthy lives and promote well-being for all at all ages”. Secondly, we performed the experimental part starting from a pilot study using SOD1G93A mice (the most widely used ALS model), in which the “chronic unpredicted mild stress” protocol significantly affected the weight increase and motor behaviour, in a gender-specific way. In addition, 39 ALS-related genes were analysed by RT-qPCR in the motor cortex and spinal cord, showing a significant deregulation of Col1a1 and Col1a2 in females, and Il6 in males. Then, to understand the stress effects specifically on the motor neurons (MNs), murine NSC-34 cells (naïve, hSOD1WT and hSOD1G93A) were differentiated in MN-like cells with 20µM of RA for 4 days; hSOD1 gene (WT or G93A-mutated) was activated by doxycycline. To mimic stress condition, cells underwent oxygen and glucose deprivation (OGD). To verify the cell damage induced by OGD, mitochondria activity and protein levels of HIF1α and caspase3 (respectively hypoxic and pro-apoptotic markers) were studied: we observed a reduced ability of hSOD1G93A cells to endure and respond to stress conditions. Moreover, the genes previously investigated in the mouse tissues were further analysed in both stressed and not stressed conditions by RT-qPCR. Then, protein-protein interaction, gene ontology and pathway enrichment analyses revealed the pivotal roles of the PI3K/Akt and focal adhesion pathways (triggered by the expression of Gsk3b, Il6, Igf1 and/or collagen) in mediating stress response. Finally, hiPSCs-derived MNs differentiated derived from a patient carrying the TARDBPG298S mutation were similarly stressed by OGD and compared to healthy hMNs. As the murine cells, Gsk3b was significantly down-regulated and Col4a2 up-regulated in stressed condition. Given these findings, the thesis highlighted the complex impact of stress on ALS pathogenesis in disease-predisposed conditions, using both in vivo and in vitro experimental models. We identified the differential activation of PI3K/Akt, in particular mediated by Gsk3b, and the stress-specific role of focal adhesion pathway, together with Igf1 and Col4a2 as key players. In conclusion, this study underlined new potential therapeutic targets for ALS and highlighted the relevance of a healthy lifestyle, in line with the SDG3 statement.
Durante la nostra vita siamo esposti a fattori chimici, fisici, biologici, psicologici e sociologici. A partire dal dibattito “natura” versus “ambiente”, tali fattori definiscono il concetto di “esposoma” (rilevante nell’era dei cambiamenti ambientali e globali), che può influenzare la nostra salute fisica e mentale. Cominciando con una revisione della letteratura riguardante gli effetti dell’esposoma sul sistema nervoso centrale, lo scopo di questa tesi è stato quello di definire le condizioni sperimentali e chiarire l’impatto dello stress sulla patogenesi della sclerosi laterale amiotrofica (SLA), come esempio di malattia neurodegenerativa, utilizzando tre modelli sperimentali. Inizialmente, è stata fornita una panoramica delle conoscenze attuali sugli effetti dell’esposoma sul cervello nelle diverse fasi della vita (infanzia, età adulta, invecchiamento), attenzionando i cambiamenti climatici e globali, i disturbi legati allo stress, gli eventi traumatici, la natura e i composti organici volatili. Inoltre, è stata evidenziata l’importanza dell’esposoma per il raggiungimento del terzo Obiettivo di Sviluppo Sostenibile (OSS 3), che mira a "garantire vite sane e promuovere il benessere per tutti a tutte le età". Secondariamente, è stata eseguita la parte sperimentale, partendo da uno studio pilota condotto su topi SOD1G93A, in cui il protocollo di “stress cronico imprevedibile lieve” ha significativamente influenzato l’aumento di peso e il comportamento motorio, in maniera differente nei maschi e nelle femmine. Inoltre, 39 geni correlati alla SLA sono stati analizzati mediante RT-qPCR nella corteccia motoria e nel midollo spinale, mostrando una deregolazione di Col1a1 e Col1a2 nelle femmine e di Il6 nei maschi. Successivamente, per comprendere gli effetti dello stress sui motoneuroni (MN), le cellule murine NSC-34 (naïve, hSOD1WT e hSOD1G93A) sono state differenziate in MN con 20 µM di acido retinoico per 4 giorni; il gene hSOD1 (WT o G93A-mutato) è stato attivato tramite doxiciclina. Per simulare la condizione di stress, le cellule sono state deprivate di ossigeno e glucosio. Per verificare i danni cellulari indotti da OGD, sono stati studiati l’attività mitocondriale e i livelli proteici di HIF1α e caspase3 (rispettivamente marcatori ipossico e pro-apoptotico): è stata osservata una ridotta capacità delle cellule hSOD1G93A di resistere e rispondere alle condizioni di stress. Inoltre, i geni precedentemente analizzati nei tessuti murini sono stati ulteriormente studiati sia in condizioni di stress che non, tramite RT-qPCR. In aggiunta, analisi di interazione proteina-proteina, ontologia genica e arricchimento di pathway hanno rivelato il ruolo centrale delle cascate molecolari di PI3K/Akt e di adesione focale (innescate da Gsk3b, Il6, Igf1 e/o collagene) nella mediazione della risposta allo stress. Infine, i MN differenziati da hiPSCs di un paziente con mutazione TARDBPG298S sono stati anch’essi deprivati di ossigeno e glucosio e confrontati con MN differenziati da hiPSCs di un soggetto sano. Come per le cellule murine, l’espressione di Gsk3b è stata significativamente ridotta e quella di Col4a2 è stata significativamente aumentata in condizioni di stress. Sulla base di questi risultati, la tesi ha evidenziato l’impatto dello stress sulla patogenesi della SLA in condizioni di predisposizione alla malattia, utilizzando modelli sperimentali in vivo e in vitro. È stata identificata l’attivazione differenziale della via molecolare PI3K/Akt, mediata da Gsk3b, e il ruolo specifico dello stress nella via di adesione focale, nella quale Igf1 e Col4a2 sono stati identificati come fattori chiave. In conclusione, questo studio ha evidenziato nuovi potenziali target terapeutici per la SLA e l’importanza di uno stile di vita sano, in linea con l’OSS 3.
Gli effetti dell'esposoma sul sistema nervoso centrale: focus sull'impatto dello stile di vita sulla patogenesi della sclerosi laterale amiotrofica
RASÀ, DANIELA MARIA
2025
Abstract
Throughout our whole life, we are exposed to chemical, physical, biological, psychological and sociological factors. Starting from the historical debate “nature” versus “nurture”, these factors define the concept of “exposome” (particularly relevant in the era of environmental/global changes) that can positively or negatively influence our mental/physical health. Starting from an extensive review of the literature regarding the exposome effects on the central nervous system, the aim of this thesis was to set-up the experimental conditions and unravel the stress impact on amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) pathogenesis (as example of neurodegenerative disease), by using three experimental models. First, we provided an overview of current knowledge on the exposome effects on the brain, at different life stages (neurodevelopment/childhood, adulthood, physiological aging and neurodegenerative conditions), focusing in particular on climate and global change, stressor-related disorders, traumatic events, nature and volatile organic compounds. We highlighted the relevance of the exposomics in the achievement of the SDG3, which aims to "ensure healthy lives and promote well-being for all at all ages”. Secondly, we performed the experimental part starting from a pilot study using SOD1G93A mice (the most widely used ALS model), in which the “chronic unpredicted mild stress” protocol significantly affected the weight increase and motor behaviour, in a gender-specific way. In addition, 39 ALS-related genes were analysed by RT-qPCR in the motor cortex and spinal cord, showing a significant deregulation of Col1a1 and Col1a2 in females, and Il6 in males. Then, to understand the stress effects specifically on the motor neurons (MNs), murine NSC-34 cells (naïve, hSOD1WT and hSOD1G93A) were differentiated in MN-like cells with 20µM of RA for 4 days; hSOD1 gene (WT or G93A-mutated) was activated by doxycycline. To mimic stress condition, cells underwent oxygen and glucose deprivation (OGD). To verify the cell damage induced by OGD, mitochondria activity and protein levels of HIF1α and caspase3 (respectively hypoxic and pro-apoptotic markers) were studied: we observed a reduced ability of hSOD1G93A cells to endure and respond to stress conditions. Moreover, the genes previously investigated in the mouse tissues were further analysed in both stressed and not stressed conditions by RT-qPCR. Then, protein-protein interaction, gene ontology and pathway enrichment analyses revealed the pivotal roles of the PI3K/Akt and focal adhesion pathways (triggered by the expression of Gsk3b, Il6, Igf1 and/or collagen) in mediating stress response. Finally, hiPSCs-derived MNs differentiated derived from a patient carrying the TARDBPG298S mutation were similarly stressed by OGD and compared to healthy hMNs. As the murine cells, Gsk3b was significantly down-regulated and Col4a2 up-regulated in stressed condition. Given these findings, the thesis highlighted the complex impact of stress on ALS pathogenesis in disease-predisposed conditions, using both in vivo and in vitro experimental models. We identified the differential activation of PI3K/Akt, in particular mediated by Gsk3b, and the stress-specific role of focal adhesion pathway, together with Igf1 and Col4a2 as key players. In conclusion, this study underlined new potential therapeutic targets for ALS and highlighted the relevance of a healthy lifestyle, in line with the SDG3 statement.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14242/201049
URN:NBN:IT:IUSSPAVIA-201049