In the biosphere, the soil plays a crucial and indispensable function in regulating primary productivity, the decomposition of organic matter, biogeochemical cycles, and supporting a number of cultural and economic activities, such as agriculture, that rely on its health and quality. Nevertheless, it is the ultimate recipient of high concentrations of pollutants. Soil fauna includes many different organisms such as earthworms, Collembola, mites and nematodes, and its activity is essential for maintaining a correct level of soil productivity and health. Springtails (Collembola) are soil-dwelling hexapods regulating soil fertility, structure and bulk, flow of energy through above- and below-ground food webs, contributing to the dispersion of plant, fungal and bacterial propagules, promoting soil microbial biodiversity maintenance. Due to their sensitivity to variations in soil conditions, disturbance, pollution, and anthropogenic activities, they are recognized as bioindicators and employed in a number of soil ecotoxicological studies. It is essential understand the range of toxicological endpoints to comprehend and forecast how environmental contaminants will affect Collembola and the soil-based ecosystem services they provide. In this context, the primary aim of this work is to assess the effects of various soil contaminants on different springtails species. To achieve this, this thesis is structured around three specific objectives. Since most of the heavy metals, not only in urban, but also in agricultural settings, derives from road traffic, particularly from tyres and brake wear (non-exhaust emission sources), the first objective aims to investigate, under laboratory conditions, the effects of oral exposure to particles emitted from brake pads and cast-iron brake discs, at a low and high dose, using the Italian legislation for Sn as reference, on the euedaphic Orthonychiurus folsomi (Schäffer, 1900). This species is recognized as bioindicator and utilized in several ecotoxicological investigations (Chapter 3.). Our results showed that oral exposure to brake wear particles can cause sub-lethal effects at low concentration after 4 weeks, while at high dose 50% rates of mortality were observed after 4 days. Here, scanning electron microscope (SEM) coupled with X-rays (EDX) was applied to analyse the braking pad powder. This methodology revealed that it had different sizes from sub-micrometric to PM less 10 µm, and it confirmed the presence of heavy metals, metal-sulphides and -oxides, and other elements. SEM-EDX analyses demonstrated braking pad powder chemical markers in the gut and faeces of Collembola exposed to high dose. Histological analysis detected alterations of the digestive and reproductive systems and of the abdominal fat body only at high concentration after 4 days. No histopathological alterations and braking pad powder markers were found in springtails and faeces exposed to low dose after 4 weeks. The second and the third objectives of this thesis explored the effects of different microplastics (MPs) polymers, one non-biodegradable (Chapter 4. And 5.) and two biodegradable (Chapter 5.), either alone or in combination with two organic pollutants (OPs), such as albendazole (ABZ) (Chapter 4. and 5.) and pyraclostrobin (PYR) (Chapter 5.) on the hemiedaphic Folsomia candida (Willem, 1902), which is considered a standard soil arthropod. MPs are ubiquitous pollutants which have been widely recognized as a threat to soil ecosystems, and they can trigger various adverse physiological effects. In areas of intensive livestock production and agriculture, plastics residues in soil often coexist with veterinary drugs, like ABZ, a broad-spectrum anthelmintic, and fungicides, such as PYR, employed against different fungal diseases. In this context, the MINAGRIS project (H2020-SFS-2020-2) aims to investigate the impact of micro- and nano-plastics (MNPs) in agricultural soils and their interaction with other pollutants on terrestrial organisms and ecosystem services. Given this, the second objective of this thesis examined the effects of 28-day exposure to LUFA 2.2 soil contaminated by non-biodegradable low-density polyethylene (LDPE) MPs at 0 and 0.1 w/w%, alone or in combination with ABZ at 0, 0.0001, 0.1, and 1 w/w % on F. candida (Chapter 4.). Endpoints recorded included the survival of adults, the production of eggs, and the presence of juveniles. Particle shapes were examined through SEM-EDX methodologies and stereomicroscope. No synergistic effects were observed between ABZ and MPs. Results showed that LDPE alone had no toxic effects on F. candida, while ABZ, either alone or in combination with MPs, significantly reduced the springtails reproduction (production of eggs and presence of juveniles), pointing to ABZ as the key driver of the adverse effects. Even at low doses (0.0001 w/w%), ABZ inhibited reproduction, suggesting potential risks for soils treated with contaminated manure. Finally, to achieve the third objective of this thesis, F. candida individuals were exposed, under laboratory conditions, for 28 days to soils contaminated by three different MP polymers, one non-biodegradable, LDPE, and two biodegradable, polybutylene adipate terephthalate-based (PBAT-based) and a starch-based polymer at 0.01 and 0.1 w/w% concentrations, alone or in combination (only at higher MPs dose) with two OPs, such as ABZ and PYR. at 0.0001 w/w% (per each pollutant) (Chapter 5.). Adults’ survival, egg production, and juveniles’ occurrence were recorded as endpoints. Our findings indicate that MPs alone, at the two concentrations tested, did not significantly affect the survival and reproductive outcomes of F. candida. However, in soils contaminated with ABZ and PYR, the presence of PBAT-based MPs in combination with OPs reduced the number of adults, juveniles, and eggs with significative differences, compared to the control. LDPE MPs in combination with OPs do not show any significant effects, while Starch-based MPs in combination with OPs significantly affected the number of eggs, compared to controls. These results suggest that the different MPs could modulates the bioavailability and toxicity of the co-occurring fungicide and veterinary drug in soil ecosystems, with implications for assessing the ecological risks of different biodegradable and non-biodegradable plastics in contaminated soils.
Nella biosfera, il suolo svolge una funzione cruciale e indispensabile nel regolare la produttività primaria, la decomposizione della materia organica, i cicli biogeochimici e nel sostenere una serie di attività culturali ed economiche, come l'agricoltura, che dipendono dalla sua salute e qualità. Tuttavia, è il destinatario finale di alte concentrazioni di inquinanti. La fauna del suolo comprende molti organismi diversi, come lombrichi, collemboli, acari e nematodi, e la sua attività è essenziale per mantenere un corretto livello di produttività e salute di questo ecosistema. I collemboli sono esapodi che vivono nel suolo e ne regolano la fertilità, la struttura, la massa, e il flusso di energia attraverso reti alimentari del sottosuolo, contribuendo alla dispersione di propaguli vegetali, fungini e batterici e promuovendo il mantenimento della biodiversità microbica del suolo. Grazie alla loro sensibilità alle variazioni delle condizioni del suolo, al disturbo, all'inquinamento e alle attività antropiche, sono riconosciuti come bioindicatori e impiegati in numerosi studi ecotossicologici. È essenziale conoscere la gamma di endpoint tossicologici per comprendere e prevedere come i contaminanti ambientali influenzeranno i collemboli e i servizi ecosistemici che forniscono. In questo contesto, l'obiettivo primario di questo lavoro è quello di valutare gli effetti di vari contaminanti presenti nel suolo su diverse specie di collemboli. A tal fine, questa tesi è strutturata intorno a tre obiettivi specifici. Poiché la maggior parte dei metalli pesanti, non solo in ambito urbano, ma anche agricolo, deriva dal traffico stradale, in particolare dall'usura dei freni e dei pneumatici (fonti di emissione non dovute allo scarico), il primo obiettivo si propone di indagare, in condizioni di laboratorio, gli effetti dell'esposizione orale alle particelle emesse dalle pastiglie dei freni e dai dischi dei freni in ghisa, a bassa e ad alta dose, utilizzando come riferimento la legislazione italiana per lo Sn, su una specie euedafica, Orthonychiurus folsomi (Schäffer, 1900). Quest'ultimo è riconosciuto come bioindicatore e utilizzato in diverse indagini ecotossicologiche (Capitolo 3). I nostri risultati hanno dimostrato che l'esposizione orale alle particelle di usura del sistema frenante può causare effetti sub-letali a basse concentrazioni dopo 4 settimane, mentre ad alte dosi sono stati osservati tassi di mortalità del 50% dopo 4 giorni. Per analizzare la polvere delle pastiglie dei freni è stato utilizzato il microscopio elettronico a scansione (SEM) accoppiato ad una sonda a raggi X (EDX). Questa metodologia ha rivelato che la polvere aveva dimensioni diverse, da sub-micrometriche a PM inferiori a 10 µm, e ha confermato la presenza di metalli pesanti, solfuri e ossidi metallici e altri elementi. Le analisi SEM-EDX hanno dimostrato la presenza di marcatori chimici della polvere del sistema frenante nell'intestino e nelle feci dei collemboli esposti ad alta dose. L'analisi istologica ha rilevato alterazioni del sistema digestivo e riproduttivo e del corpo grasso addominale solo ad alte concentrazioni dopo 4 giorni. Non sono state riscontrate alterazioni istopatologiche ed i marcatori chimici di polvere proveniente dal sistema frenante nei collemboli e nelle loro feci esposti a basse dosi dopo 4 giorni. Il secondo e il terzo obiettivo di questa tesi hanno esplorato gli effetti di diversi polimeri di microplastiche (MPs), uno non biodegradabile (Capitolo 4. e 5.) e due biodegradabili (Capitolo 5.), da soli o in combinazione con due inquinanti organici (OPs), quali albendazolo (ABZ) (Capitolo 4. e 5.) e piraclostrobina (PYR) (Capitolo 5.), su una specie emiedafica, Folsomia candida (Willem, 1902), considerata un artropode standard del suolo. Gli MPs sono inquinanti ubiquitari che sono stati ampiamente riconosciuti come una minaccia per l'ecosistema suolo e possono innescare diversi effetti fisiologici negativi. Nelle aree di allevamento di bestiame e agricoltura intensivi, i residui di plastiche nel suolo spesso coesistono con farmaci veterinari, come l'ABZ, un antielmintico ad ampio spettro, e fungicidi, come il PYR, utilizzati contro diverse malattie fungine. In questo contesto, il progetto MINAGRIS (H2020-SFS-2020-2) mira a studiare l'impatto delle micro e nano-plastiche (MNPs) nei suoli agricoli e la loro interazione con altri inquinanti sugli organismi terrestri e sui servizi ecosistemici. Alla luce di ciò, il secondo obiettivo di questa tesi ha esaminato gli effetti di un'esposizione di 28 giorni al suolo LUFA 2.2 contaminato da MPs di polietilene a bassa densità (LDPE) non biodegradabili a 0 e 0.1 w/w%, da soli o in combinazione con ABZ a 0, 0.0001, 0.1 e 1 w/w % su F. candida (Capitolo 4.). Gli endpoint registrati includevano la sopravvivenza degli adulti, la produzione di uova e la presenza di giovani. La forma delle particelle è stata esaminata con metodologie SEM-EDX e stereomicroscopio. Non sono stati osservati effetti sinergici tra ABZ e MPs. I risultati hanno mostrato che l'LDPE da solo non ha avuto effetti tossici su F. candida, mentre l'ABZ, da solo o in combinazione con gli MPs, ha ridotto significativamente la riproduzione dei collemboli (produzione di uova e presenza di giovani), indicando l'ABZ come il fattore chiave degli effetti avversi. Anche a basse dosi (0.0001 w/w%), l'ABZ ha inibito la riproduzione, suggerendo potenziali rischi per i suoli trattati con letame contaminato. Infine, per realizzare il terzo obiettivo di questa tesi, F. candida è stata esposta, in condizioni di laboratorio, per 28 giorni ad un suolo contaminato da tre diversi polimeri di MPs, uno non biodegradabile, LDPE, e due biodegradabili, a base di polibutilene adipato tereftalato (PBAT) e un polimero a base di amido, a dosi di 0.01 e 0.1 w/w%, da soli o in combinazione (solo alla dose più elevata di MPs) con due OPs, come ABZ e PYR. a 0.0001 w/w% (per ciascun inquinante) (Capitolo 5.). La sopravvivenza degli adulti, la produzione di uova e la presenza di giovani sono stati registrati come endpoint. I nostri risultati indicano che le MPs da sole, alle due concentrazioni testate, non hanno influenzato significativamente la sopravvivenza e la riproduzione di F. candida. Tuttavia, nel suolo contaminato da ABZ e PYR, la presenza di MPs a base di PBAT in combinazione con OPs ha ridotto il numero di adulti, giovani e uova con differenze significative rispetto al controllo. Gli MPs a base di LDPE in combinazione con gli OP non mostrano effetti significativi, mentre gli MP a base di amido in combinazione con gli OP hanno influenzato significativamente il numero di uova, rispetto ai controlli. Questi risultati suggeriscono che i diversi MP potrebbero modulare la biodisponibilità e la tossicità del fungicida e del farmaco veterinario co-occorrenti negli ecosistemi del suolo, con implicazioni per la valutazione del rischio ecologico delle diverse plastiche biodegradabili e non biodegradabili nei suoli contaminati.
EVALUATE THE IMPACT OF MICROPLASTICS AND OTHER POLLUTANTS IN AGROECOSYSTEMS ON DIFFERENT COLLEMBOLA SPECIES
Forestieri, Bartolo
2025
Abstract
In the biosphere, the soil plays a crucial and indispensable function in regulating primary productivity, the decomposition of organic matter, biogeochemical cycles, and supporting a number of cultural and economic activities, such as agriculture, that rely on its health and quality. Nevertheless, it is the ultimate recipient of high concentrations of pollutants. Soil fauna includes many different organisms such as earthworms, Collembola, mites and nematodes, and its activity is essential for maintaining a correct level of soil productivity and health. Springtails (Collembola) are soil-dwelling hexapods regulating soil fertility, structure and bulk, flow of energy through above- and below-ground food webs, contributing to the dispersion of plant, fungal and bacterial propagules, promoting soil microbial biodiversity maintenance. Due to their sensitivity to variations in soil conditions, disturbance, pollution, and anthropogenic activities, they are recognized as bioindicators and employed in a number of soil ecotoxicological studies. It is essential understand the range of toxicological endpoints to comprehend and forecast how environmental contaminants will affect Collembola and the soil-based ecosystem services they provide. In this context, the primary aim of this work is to assess the effects of various soil contaminants on different springtails species. To achieve this, this thesis is structured around three specific objectives. Since most of the heavy metals, not only in urban, but also in agricultural settings, derives from road traffic, particularly from tyres and brake wear (non-exhaust emission sources), the first objective aims to investigate, under laboratory conditions, the effects of oral exposure to particles emitted from brake pads and cast-iron brake discs, at a low and high dose, using the Italian legislation for Sn as reference, on the euedaphic Orthonychiurus folsomi (Schäffer, 1900). This species is recognized as bioindicator and utilized in several ecotoxicological investigations (Chapter 3.). Our results showed that oral exposure to brake wear particles can cause sub-lethal effects at low concentration after 4 weeks, while at high dose 50% rates of mortality were observed after 4 days. Here, scanning electron microscope (SEM) coupled with X-rays (EDX) was applied to analyse the braking pad powder. This methodology revealed that it had different sizes from sub-micrometric to PM less 10 µm, and it confirmed the presence of heavy metals, metal-sulphides and -oxides, and other elements. SEM-EDX analyses demonstrated braking pad powder chemical markers in the gut and faeces of Collembola exposed to high dose. Histological analysis detected alterations of the digestive and reproductive systems and of the abdominal fat body only at high concentration after 4 days. No histopathological alterations and braking pad powder markers were found in springtails and faeces exposed to low dose after 4 weeks. The second and the third objectives of this thesis explored the effects of different microplastics (MPs) polymers, one non-biodegradable (Chapter 4. And 5.) and two biodegradable (Chapter 5.), either alone or in combination with two organic pollutants (OPs), such as albendazole (ABZ) (Chapter 4. and 5.) and pyraclostrobin (PYR) (Chapter 5.) on the hemiedaphic Folsomia candida (Willem, 1902), which is considered a standard soil arthropod. MPs are ubiquitous pollutants which have been widely recognized as a threat to soil ecosystems, and they can trigger various adverse physiological effects. In areas of intensive livestock production and agriculture, plastics residues in soil often coexist with veterinary drugs, like ABZ, a broad-spectrum anthelmintic, and fungicides, such as PYR, employed against different fungal diseases. In this context, the MINAGRIS project (H2020-SFS-2020-2) aims to investigate the impact of micro- and nano-plastics (MNPs) in agricultural soils and their interaction with other pollutants on terrestrial organisms and ecosystem services. Given this, the second objective of this thesis examined the effects of 28-day exposure to LUFA 2.2 soil contaminated by non-biodegradable low-density polyethylene (LDPE) MPs at 0 and 0.1 w/w%, alone or in combination with ABZ at 0, 0.0001, 0.1, and 1 w/w % on F. candida (Chapter 4.). Endpoints recorded included the survival of adults, the production of eggs, and the presence of juveniles. Particle shapes were examined through SEM-EDX methodologies and stereomicroscope. No synergistic effects were observed between ABZ and MPs. Results showed that LDPE alone had no toxic effects on F. candida, while ABZ, either alone or in combination with MPs, significantly reduced the springtails reproduction (production of eggs and presence of juveniles), pointing to ABZ as the key driver of the adverse effects. Even at low doses (0.0001 w/w%), ABZ inhibited reproduction, suggesting potential risks for soils treated with contaminated manure. Finally, to achieve the third objective of this thesis, F. candida individuals were exposed, under laboratory conditions, for 28 days to soils contaminated by three different MP polymers, one non-biodegradable, LDPE, and two biodegradable, polybutylene adipate terephthalate-based (PBAT-based) and a starch-based polymer at 0.01 and 0.1 w/w% concentrations, alone or in combination (only at higher MPs dose) with two OPs, such as ABZ and PYR. at 0.0001 w/w% (per each pollutant) (Chapter 5.). Adults’ survival, egg production, and juveniles’ occurrence were recorded as endpoints. Our findings indicate that MPs alone, at the two concentrations tested, did not significantly affect the survival and reproductive outcomes of F. candida. However, in soils contaminated with ABZ and PYR, the presence of PBAT-based MPs in combination with OPs reduced the number of adults, juveniles, and eggs with significative differences, compared to the control. LDPE MPs in combination with OPs do not show any significant effects, while Starch-based MPs in combination with OPs significantly affected the number of eggs, compared to controls. These results suggest that the different MPs could modulates the bioavailability and toxicity of the co-occurring fungicide and veterinary drug in soil ecosystems, with implications for assessing the ecological risks of different biodegradable and non-biodegradable plastics in contaminated soils.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14242/201604
URN:NBN:IT:UNICATT-201604