Climate change challenges viticulture, necessitating a rethinking of adaptation strategies. This doctoral project investigated canopy management techniques and their environmental interactions to enhance vineyard resilience. The project is structured into five main research steps. i) Reviewing training systems efficiency and adaptability to climate change. ii) Assessing whole-canopy physiological efficiency and vine balance of three training systems under well-watered and water stress conditions. iii) Designing and calibrating a novel load cell-based dendrometer for vine water status monitoring. iv) Evaluating different bud forcing treatments in cv. Cabernet Sauvignon vines for double cropping. v) Investigating plant growth regulators’ role in dormant bud forcing, vine balance, and physiology of cv. Ortrugo grapevines to enhance the efficiency of double cropping. The literature review involved a comparative analysis of 12 training systems, evaluating their efficiency based on climate adaptability, vigor, yield control, disease susceptibility, and suitability for different wine styles. The review suggests re-evaluating older, non-mechanizable systems (e.g., Raggi-Bellussi, pergola), divided canopy systems (e.g., GDC, Scott Henry), and the single high wire (SHW) trellis, as traditional systems like Vertical Shoot Positioning (VSP) and goblet may be less adaptable. Future training system choices should vary by climate: in cooler regions, systems should promote ripening through vigor control and optimal leaf-to-fruit ratios, while in warming regions, SHW offers advantages in delaying ripening, providing better shading, and reducing frost risk. The second study assessed the whole canopy gas exchanges, drought tolerance, and light interception in potted cv. Sangiovese vines trained to VSP, SHW, and Pergola (P) systems. SHW demonstrated the highest photosynthetic efficiency and drought resilience, maintaining CO₂ exchange rates 24% higher than VSP and P under optimal conditions. Under severe water stress, SHW performed better than the other systems, while VSP and P exhibited significant reductions in gas exchange and light saturation. SHW provided the highest physiological efficiency under drought. The third study introduced the first calibration of a low-cost load cell weight (LCW) sensor applied to the vine trunk for continuous monitoring of whole vine transpiration (Tvine). The calibration was performed over 47 days on six well-watered Cabernet Sauvignon vines enclosed in polyethylene chambers. Results showed that while the correlation between daily Tvine and LCW differences was weak over the entire period, a strong correlation (R² = 0.95-0.97) was observed during clear days when diurnal readings were taken from dawn to late afternoon. The sensor was sensitive to variations in canopy size. Due to its low cost (€12), ease of installation, and low maintenance, the LCW sensor offers a promising solution for non-invasive, reliable vine water status monitoring, with potential applications across different phenological stages, cultivars, and water supply conditions. The fourth study examined the impact of different forcing treatments on dormant buds in Cabernet Sauvignon vines grown in South Australia. Forcing was applied at the peppercorn stage (BBCH 73) by trimming shoots at four (F4), six (F6), and eight (F8) nodes, with an additional intermediate treatment (F50%), where 50% of the canopy was trimmed at six nodes, leaving the remaining 50% untrimmed as the control. Treatments were compared with an unforced control. Forced grapes were harvested 49 days after the primary crop. While F4 reduced the primary yield by 46%, the total yield increased in F4 (+8%), F6 (+74%), and F8 (+67%) compared to the control. Forced grapes exhibited higher leaf-to-yield ratios and anthocyanin content (+33% in F4 and F6, +56% in F8), with similar sugar levels but lower acidity, confirming the potential of double cropping to counteract climate change-induced early ripening. Trimming height affected forcing success and should be optimized to enhance double cropping efficiency. The fifth study investigated the impact of exogenous cytokinin and auxin application on dormant bud forcing, aiming to enhance double cropping. Bud forcing involved trimming main shoots at the eighth node and removing lateral shoots, while control vines were spur pruned. Five treatments were tested: Control (C), Control + 6-Benzyladenine (CBA), Forcing (FR), Forcing + 6-Benzyladenine (FBA), and Forcing + Naphthaleneacetic acid (FNAA). The total yield was highest in FBA, followed by FR, with no forced crop in FNAA. Photosynthesis rates were higher in forced canopies due to younger leaves, and the forced crop harvest was delayed by more than a month. The results demonstrated that synthetic Cytokinin promotes bud forcing, while Auxin inhibits it, providing insights for optimizing double cropping practices in grapevines.
I cambiamenti climatici pongono nuove sfide alla viticoltura, rendendo necessario un ripensamento delle strategie di adattamento. Questo progetto di dottorato ha indagato le tecniche di gestione della chioma e le loro interazioni con l’ambiente al fine di aumentare la resilienza del vigneto. Il progetto è articolato in cinque principali fasi di ricerca: i) Revisione dell’efficienza e dell’adattabilità dei sistemi di allevamento ai cambiamenti climatici. ii) Valutazione dell’efficienza fisiologica dell’intera chioma e dell’equilibrio vegeto-produttivo in tre sistemi di allevamento in condizioni di irrigazione ottimale e di stress idrico. iii) Progettazione e calibrazione di un nuovo dendrometro a cella di carico per il monitoraggio dello stato idrico della vite. iv) Valutazione di differenti trattamenti di forzatura delle gemme in viti di cv. Cabernet Sauvignon per la doppia produzione. v) Studio del ruolo dei regolatori di crescita nella forzatura delle gemme dormienti, sull’equilibrio vegeto-produttivo e sulla fisiologia di viti di cv. Ortrugo per migliorare l’efficienza della doppia produzione. La revisione della letteratura ha incluso un’analisi comparativa di 12 sistemi di allevamento, valutandone l’efficienza in base all’adattabilità climatica, al vigore, al controllo della produzione, alla suscettibilità alle malattie e all’idoneità per diversi stili enologici. La revisione suggerisce di rivalutare sistemi più antichi e non meccanizzabili (es. Raggi-Bellussi, pergola), sistemi a chioma divisa (es. GDC, Scott Henry) e il sistema a filo alto singolo (Single High Wire, SHW), poiché sistemi tradizionali come la parete verticola (Vertical Shoot Positioning, VSP) e l’alberello potrebbero risultare meno adattabili. La scelta futura dei sistemi di allevamento dovrebbe variare in base al clima: nelle aree più fredde, i sistemi dovrebbero favorire la maturazione tramite il controllo del vigore e un rapporto ottimale tra superficie fogliare e produzione. Nelle aree più calde, lo SHW offre vantaggi nel ritardare la maturazione, migliorare l’ombreggiamento e ridurre il rischio di gelate. Il secondo studio ha valutato gli scambi gassosi dell’intera chioma, la tolleranza alla siccità e l’intercettazione luminosa in viti di cv. Sangiovese allevate in vaso con i sistemi VSP, SHW e Pergola (P). Lo SHW ha dimostrato la maggiore efficienza fotosintetica e resilienza alla siccità, mantenendo tassi di scambio di CO₂ superiori del 24% rispetto a VSP e P in condizioni ottimali. In condizioni di stress idrico severo, lo SHW ha mantenuto prestazioni superiori rispetto agli altri sistemi, mentre VSP e P hanno mostrato riduzioni significative negli scambi gassosi e nella saturazione luminosa. Lo SHW ha fornito la maggiore efficienza fisiologica sotto stress idrico. Il terzo studio ha introdotto la prima calibrazione di un sensore a cella di carico a basso costo (LCW) applicato al tronco della vite per il monitoraggio continuo della traspirazione dell’intera pianta (Tvite). La calibrazione è stata effettuata su sei viti di Cabernet Sauvignon ben irrigate, racchiuse in camere in polietilene per 47 giorni. Sebbene la correlazione tra la Tvite giornaliera e le variazioni di peso registrate dalla LCW fosse debole sull’intero periodo, nei giorni sereni si è osservata una forte correlazione (R² = 0,95–0,97) tra le letture diurne effettuate dall’alba al tardo pomeriggio. Il sensore si è rivelato sensibile alle variazioni di dimensione della chioma. Grazie al basso costo (€12), alla facilità di installazione e alla scarsa manutenzione richiesta, il sensore LCW rappresenta una soluzione promettente per il monitoraggio non invasivo e affidabile dello stato idrico della vite, con potenziali applicazioni in diversi stadi fenologici, varietà e condizioni idriche. Il quarto studio ha esaminato l’effetto di diversi trattamenti di forzatura delle gemme dormienti in viti di Cabernet Sauvignon coltivate in Australia Meridionale. La forzatura è stata applicata allo stadio fenologico di “grano di pepe” (BBCH 73) mediante cimatura dei germogli a quattro (F4), sei (F6) e otto (F8) nodi, con un ulteriore trattamento intermedio (F50%) in cui il 50% della chioma è stato cimato a sei nodi, lasciando il restante 50% come controllo. I trattamenti sono stati confrontati con un controllo non forzato. L’uva forzata è stata raccolta 49 giorni dopo l’uva primaria. Sebbene F4 abbia ridotto la produzione primaria del 46%, la produzione totale è aumentata in F4 (+8%), F6 (+74%) e F8 (+67%) rispetto al controllo. L’uva forzata ha mostrato rapporti di superficie fogliare/produzione più alti e un contenuto in antociani maggiore (+33% in F4 e F6, +56% in F8), con livelli zuccherini simili ma acidità inferiore, confermando il potenziale della doppia produzione per contrastare l’anticipo della maturazione indotto dai cambiamenti climatici. L’altezza di cimatura ha influenzato il successo della forzatura e deve essere ottimizzata per migliorare l’efficienza della tecnica. Il quinto studio ha indagato l’effetto dell’applicazione esogena di citochinine e auxine sulla forzatura delle gemme dormienti, con l’obiettivo di ottimizzare la doppia produzione. La forzatura delle gemme è stata effettuata cimando i germogli principali all’ottavo nodo e rimuovendo i germogli laterali, mentre le viti di controllo sono state potate a sperone. Sono stati testati cinque trattamenti: Controllo (C), Controllo + 6-Benziladenina (CBA), Forzatura (FR), Forzatura + 6-Benziladenina (FBA) e Forzatura + Acido naftalenacetico (FNAA). La produzione totale è risultata maggiore in FBA, seguita da FR, mentre in FNAA non è stata prodotta uva forzata. Le foglie delle viti forzate hanno mostrato tassi fotosintetici più elevati rispetto alle foglie primarie grazie alla presenza di foglie giovani, e la vendemmia dell’uva forzata è stata ritardata di oltre un mese. I risultati hanno dimostrato che la citochinina sintetica favorisce la forzatura delle gemme, mentre l’Auxina la inibisce, fornendo indicazioni utili per ottimizzare le pratiche della doppia produzione nella vite.
STUDY OF GRAPEVINE (VITIS VINIFERA L.) CANOPY MANAGEMENT FOR A CLIMATE CHANGE RESILIENT VITICULTURE
Del Zozzo, Filippo
2025
Abstract
Climate change challenges viticulture, necessitating a rethinking of adaptation strategies. This doctoral project investigated canopy management techniques and their environmental interactions to enhance vineyard resilience. The project is structured into five main research steps. i) Reviewing training systems efficiency and adaptability to climate change. ii) Assessing whole-canopy physiological efficiency and vine balance of three training systems under well-watered and water stress conditions. iii) Designing and calibrating a novel load cell-based dendrometer for vine water status monitoring. iv) Evaluating different bud forcing treatments in cv. Cabernet Sauvignon vines for double cropping. v) Investigating plant growth regulators’ role in dormant bud forcing, vine balance, and physiology of cv. Ortrugo grapevines to enhance the efficiency of double cropping. The literature review involved a comparative analysis of 12 training systems, evaluating their efficiency based on climate adaptability, vigor, yield control, disease susceptibility, and suitability for different wine styles. The review suggests re-evaluating older, non-mechanizable systems (e.g., Raggi-Bellussi, pergola), divided canopy systems (e.g., GDC, Scott Henry), and the single high wire (SHW) trellis, as traditional systems like Vertical Shoot Positioning (VSP) and goblet may be less adaptable. Future training system choices should vary by climate: in cooler regions, systems should promote ripening through vigor control and optimal leaf-to-fruit ratios, while in warming regions, SHW offers advantages in delaying ripening, providing better shading, and reducing frost risk. The second study assessed the whole canopy gas exchanges, drought tolerance, and light interception in potted cv. Sangiovese vines trained to VSP, SHW, and Pergola (P) systems. SHW demonstrated the highest photosynthetic efficiency and drought resilience, maintaining CO₂ exchange rates 24% higher than VSP and P under optimal conditions. Under severe water stress, SHW performed better than the other systems, while VSP and P exhibited significant reductions in gas exchange and light saturation. SHW provided the highest physiological efficiency under drought. The third study introduced the first calibration of a low-cost load cell weight (LCW) sensor applied to the vine trunk for continuous monitoring of whole vine transpiration (Tvine). The calibration was performed over 47 days on six well-watered Cabernet Sauvignon vines enclosed in polyethylene chambers. Results showed that while the correlation between daily Tvine and LCW differences was weak over the entire period, a strong correlation (R² = 0.95-0.97) was observed during clear days when diurnal readings were taken from dawn to late afternoon. The sensor was sensitive to variations in canopy size. Due to its low cost (€12), ease of installation, and low maintenance, the LCW sensor offers a promising solution for non-invasive, reliable vine water status monitoring, with potential applications across different phenological stages, cultivars, and water supply conditions. The fourth study examined the impact of different forcing treatments on dormant buds in Cabernet Sauvignon vines grown in South Australia. Forcing was applied at the peppercorn stage (BBCH 73) by trimming shoots at four (F4), six (F6), and eight (F8) nodes, with an additional intermediate treatment (F50%), where 50% of the canopy was trimmed at six nodes, leaving the remaining 50% untrimmed as the control. Treatments were compared with an unforced control. Forced grapes were harvested 49 days after the primary crop. While F4 reduced the primary yield by 46%, the total yield increased in F4 (+8%), F6 (+74%), and F8 (+67%) compared to the control. Forced grapes exhibited higher leaf-to-yield ratios and anthocyanin content (+33% in F4 and F6, +56% in F8), with similar sugar levels but lower acidity, confirming the potential of double cropping to counteract climate change-induced early ripening. Trimming height affected forcing success and should be optimized to enhance double cropping efficiency. The fifth study investigated the impact of exogenous cytokinin and auxin application on dormant bud forcing, aiming to enhance double cropping. Bud forcing involved trimming main shoots at the eighth node and removing lateral shoots, while control vines were spur pruned. Five treatments were tested: Control (C), Control + 6-Benzyladenine (CBA), Forcing (FR), Forcing + 6-Benzyladenine (FBA), and Forcing + Naphthaleneacetic acid (FNAA). The total yield was highest in FBA, followed by FR, with no forced crop in FNAA. Photosynthesis rates were higher in forced canopies due to younger leaves, and the forced crop harvest was delayed by more than a month. The results demonstrated that synthetic Cytokinin promotes bud forcing, while Auxin inhibits it, providing insights for optimizing double cropping practices in grapevines.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14242/202250
URN:NBN:IT:UNICATT-202250