The synaptic cytoskeleton is a dynamic substrate for plastic changes during signaling processes. In the aged brain, synapses undergo several modifications, contributing to the worsening of cognitive performances and the so-called Age-related Memory Impairment. Within the synaptic architecture, recent evidence highlights the functional involvement of synaptic neurofilaments (NFL, NFM, NFH, INTX) in neurotransmission by supporting the scaffolding of synaptic receptors (NMDA, D1). Nevertheless, their contribution to synaptic strengthening is far from being completely unravelled, and their role in age-related synaptic modifications has never been explored. Here, we investigated the functional mechanism of synaptic neurofilaments contribution to cortical plasticity (aim 1) and studied synaptic neurofilament changes in the altered hippocampal age-related synaptic plasticity (aim 2). For aim 1, we applied an environmental enrichment (EE) housing protocol to study synaptic neurofilaments involvement within plastic remodelling events in the parietal cortex of 3-month-old rats. For aim 2, we first studied synaptic neurofilaments expression changes by comparing animals with growing cognitive decline (6, 12, 20 and 24-month-old rats). Then, we applied EE as a preventive approach to stimulate plasticity at different levels of cognitive impairment and investigate synaptic neurofilament remodulations. In the parietal cortex of 3-month-old rats, following EE, we found an upregulation of synaptic neurofilaments and a potentiated glutamatergic transmission, with a specific link between the NFL/NMDA increase and glutamatergic potentiated synapses. We also found that the EE-dependent enhanced synaptic efficacy was lost in the absence of NFL. In aged rats, we found a correlation between NFL and cognitive performances that was lost in old animals. Moreover, EE enhanced all synaptic neurofilaments hippocampal levels during aging and ameliorated cognitive performances. These findings reveal a key contribution of NFL in both young and aged synaptic transmission, being involved in somatosensory cortical plasticity (1) and, conceivably, in the maintenance of hippocampal synaptic functioning (2), paving the way to further investigations relevant to synaptic processes.
Le sinapsi sono costituite da un citoscheletro estremamente dinamico, funzionale ai cambiamenti plastici che sono necessari durante i processi di neurotrasmissione. Durante l’invecchiamento le sinapsi subiscono modificazioni che contribuiscono al peggioramento delle performance cognitive e ai deficit di memoria età-correlati. Recentemente, all’interno dell’architettura sinaptica, è stato evidenziato il ruolo funzionale che ricoprono i neurofilamenti (NFL, NFM, NFH, INTX) nella trasmissione sinaptica, tramite l’ancoraggio dei recettori NMDA e D1. Nonostante questo, non è ancora del tutto chiaro in che misura contribuiscono al potenziamento sinaptico e il ruolo che ricoprono all’interno delle modificazioni sinaptiche età-correlate. Pertanto, nel nostro lavoro abbiamo studiato il contributo dei neurofilamenti sinaptici nei processi di plasticità sinaptica corticale (obiettivo 1) e nei processi di alterata plasticità sinaptica ippocampale durante l’invecchiamento (obiettivo 2). Per il primo obiettivo, abbiamo applicato un protocollo di arricchimento ambientale ad animali di tre mesi per studiare il coinvolgimento dei neurofilamenti nei processi di rimodellamento della corteccia parietale. Per il secondo obiettivo, abbiamo studiato i livelli di espressione dei neurofilamenti nell’ippocampo di animali caratterizzati da un crescente declino cognitivo (maschi e femmine di 6, 12, 20 e 24 mesi). Poi, abbiamo valutato i cambiamenti di espressione dei neurofilamenti dopo aver applicato l’arricchimento ambientale come approccio preventivo per stimolare i processi di plasticità a diversi livelli di compromissione cognitiva. Nella corteccia parietale di animali di tre mesi, in seguito all’arricchimento, abbiamo trovato un’incrementata espressione dei neurofilamenti e un’aumentata trasmissione glutamatergica, con un contributo preferenziale del NFL insieme al recettore NMDA nelle sinapsi potenziate. Inoltre, nel topo NFL-KO-/- il potenziamento sinaptico conseguente all’arricchimento è stato perso. Durante l’invecchiamento, abbiamo trovato una correlazione tra l’espressione di NFL e le performance cognitive a 6, 12, 20 ma non a 24 mesi. Inoltre, l’arricchimento ambientale ha portato ad un miglioramento delle performance cognitive negli animali anziani e all’aumento dell’espressione dei neurofilamenti nell’ippocampo. Questi risultati hanno rivelato un contributo essenziale dei neurofilamenti sinaptici, e primariamente dell’NFL, sia negli animali più giovani, essendo coinvolti nei processi di plasticità somatosensoriale e di potenziamento in seguito a stimolazione ambientale, sia negli animali più anziani, essendo potenzialmente coinvolto nel mantenimento funzionale dell’assetto sinaptico ippocampale. Pertanto, questo studio apre la strada ad ulteriori e necessari approfondimenti, facendo emergere i neurofilamenti come proteine primariamente coinvolte nei processi di plasticità sinaptica.
Neurofilament proteins contribute to environmental enrichment-dependent plasticity in young and aged synaptic transmission
PRINCIPI, ELISA
2025
Abstract
The synaptic cytoskeleton is a dynamic substrate for plastic changes during signaling processes. In the aged brain, synapses undergo several modifications, contributing to the worsening of cognitive performances and the so-called Age-related Memory Impairment. Within the synaptic architecture, recent evidence highlights the functional involvement of synaptic neurofilaments (NFL, NFM, NFH, INTX) in neurotransmission by supporting the scaffolding of synaptic receptors (NMDA, D1). Nevertheless, their contribution to synaptic strengthening is far from being completely unravelled, and their role in age-related synaptic modifications has never been explored. Here, we investigated the functional mechanism of synaptic neurofilaments contribution to cortical plasticity (aim 1) and studied synaptic neurofilament changes in the altered hippocampal age-related synaptic plasticity (aim 2). For aim 1, we applied an environmental enrichment (EE) housing protocol to study synaptic neurofilaments involvement within plastic remodelling events in the parietal cortex of 3-month-old rats. For aim 2, we first studied synaptic neurofilaments expression changes by comparing animals with growing cognitive decline (6, 12, 20 and 24-month-old rats). Then, we applied EE as a preventive approach to stimulate plasticity at different levels of cognitive impairment and investigate synaptic neurofilament remodulations. In the parietal cortex of 3-month-old rats, following EE, we found an upregulation of synaptic neurofilaments and a potentiated glutamatergic transmission, with a specific link between the NFL/NMDA increase and glutamatergic potentiated synapses. We also found that the EE-dependent enhanced synaptic efficacy was lost in the absence of NFL. In aged rats, we found a correlation between NFL and cognitive performances that was lost in old animals. Moreover, EE enhanced all synaptic neurofilaments hippocampal levels during aging and ameliorated cognitive performances. These findings reveal a key contribution of NFL in both young and aged synaptic transmission, being involved in somatosensory cortical plasticity (1) and, conceivably, in the maintenance of hippocampal synaptic functioning (2), paving the way to further investigations relevant to synaptic processes.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14242/202895
URN:NBN:IT:UNIVPM-202895