This PhD thesis presents the collaboration between academia and a startup company with the goal of developing a product in the field of integrated photonics for the telecommunications market. The startup aims to create a full module called "PhotonPath white box" incorporating multiple devices such as Erbium-Doped-Fiber-Amplifier (EDFA), integrated optical channel monitor (OCM). The idea is to integrated the white box in the amplification node of both core and metro optical networks. The white box, besides amplifying the signal with the EDFA, will have the capa bility to provide information regarding the status of the optical network with the OCM. This thesis focuses specifically on the development of two crucial components, the dynamic equaliser (DE) placed at the output of the EDFA, and the OCM. Regarding the DE, different technologies have been employed for gain equalization. A common solution is to use Wavelength Selective Switches (WSS). In spite of their good performance and reconfigurability, WSSs are bulky and expensive. A more compact and cost-effective solution can be found with integrated photonics. One of these solutions is the implementation of a fixed gain flattening filter (GFF). However, GFFs have limitations in adapting to fabrication tolerances and variations in the gain of the EDFA. To address these limitations, programmable filters can be employed. Pro grammable filters possess the capability to adjust their transfer functions, allowing them to compensate for fabrication errors and accommodate different gain profiles associated with various gain values. The objective of this thesis is to combine the advantages of an integrated solution with the reconfigurability offered by bulkier alternatives. Regarding the OCM, they are in high demand in the optical networks market for monitoring network performance. The use of precise optical spectrum analysis with high resolution provided by economical and reliable spectrometers leads to a significant reduction in size, weight, and power consumption compared to traditional discrete-optics instruments, which are often bulky. This project aims to integrate a full OCM system into a QSFP module that is not yet available on the market yet, to the best of my knowledge. The research was conducted both in an academic environment and within the company, providing a unique opportunity to combine the strengths of both settings. The author was responsible for the development and design of the integrated photonic chips, the design of the control electronics and firmware, as well as the algorithms for the calibration and control of the photonic de vices. The fast-paced nature of the startup environment often required to adapt the work style to the changing priorities dictated by the market and customer needs. In addition to collaborating with the startup, another project was also being carried out at Polifab. This project focuses on the design of high-sensitivity sensors that can be integrated onto waveguides. Sensors of this type, also 10 called ’transparent’ sensors, add no losses to waveguides other than prop agation losses. Transparent sensors allow complex photonic circuits to be reconfigured and controlled. The designed sensor is able to detect light vari ations down to −60. To my knowledge, this is the highest sensitivity for an on-waveguide trsansparent sensor.
Questa tesi di dottorato presenta la collaborazione tra il mondo accademico e una startup con l'obiettivo di sviluppare un prodotto nel campo della fotonica integrata per il mercato delle telecomunicazioni. La startup mira a creare un modulo completo chiamato "PhotonPath white box" che incorpori più dispositivi come Erbium-Doped-Fiber-Amplifier (EDFA), optical channel monitor (OCM). L'idea è di integrare la whitebox nel nodo di amplificazione delle reti ottiche centrali e metropolitane. La whitbox, oltre ad amplificare il segnale con l'EDFA, avrà la capacità di fornire informazioni sullo stato della rete ottica con l'OCM. Questa tesi si concentra in particolare sullo sviluppo di due componenti cruciali, il dyamic equaliser (DE) posto all'uscita dell'EDFA e l'OCM. Per quanto riguarda il DE, sono state impiegate diverse tecnologie per l'equalizzazione del guadagno. Una soluzione comune consiste nell'utilizzare wavelength selective switch (WSS). Nonostante le buone prestazioni e la riconfigurabilità, i WSS sono ingombranti e costosi. Una soluzione più compatta ed economica può essere trovata con la fotonica integrata. Una di queste soluzioni è l'utilizzo di filtri equalizzatori fissi (GFF). Tuttavia, i GFF hanno limitazioni nell'adattarsi alle tolleranze di fabbricazione e alle variazioni nel guadagno dell'EDFA. Per affrontare queste limitazioni, è possibile utilizzare filtri programmabili. I filtri programmabili possiedono la capacità di regolare le loro funzioni di trasferimento, consentendo loro di compensare gli errori di fabbricazione e adattarsi a diversi profili di guadagno associati a vari valori di guadagno. L'obiettivo di questa tesi è combinare i vantaggi di una soluzione integrata con la riconfigurabilità offerta da alternative più voluminose. Per quanto riguarda l'OCM, sono molto richiesti nel mercato delle reti ottiche per il monitoraggio delle prestazioni della rete.L'uso della fotonica integrata porta a una significativa riduzione di dimensioni, peso e consumo energetico rispetto ai tradizionali strumenti ad ottica discreta, spesso ingombranti. Questo progetto mira a integrare un sistema OCM completo in un modulo QSFP che non è ancora disponibile sul mercato. La ricerca è stata condotta sia in un ambiente accademico che all'interno dell'azienda. L'autore è stato responsabile dello sviluppo e della progettazione dei chip fotonici integrati, della progettazione dell'elettronica di controllo e del firmware, gli algoritmi per la calibrazione e il controllo dei dispositivi fotonici. L' ambiente della startup spesso ha richiesto di adattare lo stile di lavoro alle mutevoli priorità dettate dal mercato e dalle esigenze di eventuali clienti. Oltre alla collaborazione con la startup, la tesi invlude anche un progetto sviluppato in Polifab. Questo progetto si concentra sulla progettazione sensori integrabili su guide d'onda ad alta sensibilità. I sensori di questo tipo, detti anche sensori "trasparenti", non aggiungono perdite alle guide d'onda oltre alle perdite di propagazione. I sensori trasparenti consentono di riconfigurare e controllare complessi circuiti fotonici. Il sensore progettato è in grado di rilevare variazioni di luce fino a -60 dBm.
Reconfigurable photonics for spectrum monitoring and equalisation in optical network
ALESSANDRO, PERINO
2023
Abstract
This PhD thesis presents the collaboration between academia and a startup company with the goal of developing a product in the field of integrated photonics for the telecommunications market. The startup aims to create a full module called "PhotonPath white box" incorporating multiple devices such as Erbium-Doped-Fiber-Amplifier (EDFA), integrated optical channel monitor (OCM). The idea is to integrated the white box in the amplification node of both core and metro optical networks. The white box, besides amplifying the signal with the EDFA, will have the capa bility to provide information regarding the status of the optical network with the OCM. This thesis focuses specifically on the development of two crucial components, the dynamic equaliser (DE) placed at the output of the EDFA, and the OCM. Regarding the DE, different technologies have been employed for gain equalization. A common solution is to use Wavelength Selective Switches (WSS). In spite of their good performance and reconfigurability, WSSs are bulky and expensive. A more compact and cost-effective solution can be found with integrated photonics. One of these solutions is the implementation of a fixed gain flattening filter (GFF). However, GFFs have limitations in adapting to fabrication tolerances and variations in the gain of the EDFA. To address these limitations, programmable filters can be employed. Pro grammable filters possess the capability to adjust their transfer functions, allowing them to compensate for fabrication errors and accommodate different gain profiles associated with various gain values. The objective of this thesis is to combine the advantages of an integrated solution with the reconfigurability offered by bulkier alternatives. Regarding the OCM, they are in high demand in the optical networks market for monitoring network performance. The use of precise optical spectrum analysis with high resolution provided by economical and reliable spectrometers leads to a significant reduction in size, weight, and power consumption compared to traditional discrete-optics instruments, which are often bulky. This project aims to integrate a full OCM system into a QSFP module that is not yet available on the market yet, to the best of my knowledge. The research was conducted both in an academic environment and within the company, providing a unique opportunity to combine the strengths of both settings. The author was responsible for the development and design of the integrated photonic chips, the design of the control electronics and firmware, as well as the algorithms for the calibration and control of the photonic de vices. The fast-paced nature of the startup environment often required to adapt the work style to the changing priorities dictated by the market and customer needs. In addition to collaborating with the startup, another project was also being carried out at Polifab. This project focuses on the design of high-sensitivity sensors that can be integrated onto waveguides. Sensors of this type, also 10 called ’transparent’ sensors, add no losses to waveguides other than prop agation losses. Transparent sensors allow complex photonic circuits to be reconfigured and controlled. The designed sensor is able to detect light vari ations down to −60. To my knowledge, this is the highest sensitivity for an on-waveguide trsansparent sensor.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14242/203470
URN:NBN:IT:POLIMI-203470