Utilization of non-fossil energies requires the availability of reliable energy storage systems (ESSs). As renewable sources of energies, such as wind, solar, and wave are intermittent, they need to be stored when available and used to meet energy peak demand. Lithium-ion battery (LIB) technology is a mature electrochemical energy storage technology with high efficiency, however there are some issues regarding the safety and cost of these batteries. Moreover, lithium raw materials have been vigorously demanded not only for Li-ion batteries but also in other industries, such as glass / ceramic production, thus turning lithium into a costly material. The other important issue related to the lithium raw material is that it is not uniformly spread within the earth's crust, making it a critical resource of geopolitical relevance. Based on wide availability and low cost of Na, Na-ion battery (NIB) has the potential to meet the large-scale energy storage needs. However, the material choice and synthesis are not as mature as for LIBs and research in this area is in the early stages. In this regard, the research work presented in this Ph.D. thesis is devoted to the synthesis and characterization of materials of the Mn oxide family for use in NIB. Accordingly, Na4Mn9O18 (NMO) -a promising cathodic material- is successfully synthesized and characterized in both organic and aqueous electrolyte. NMO is synthesized by solid-state reaction and hydrothermal treatment and the differences in morphology, structure and electrochemical behavior of the products are explicitly studied in details. Finally, the rate capability and kinetic responses of the synthesized NMO are studied using conventional electrochemical techniques and critically compared using an original method of analysis. The NMOs synthesized by using solid-state reaction and hydrothermal method result in completely different morphologies, rod-like and nanowire, respectively. In aqueous electrolytes, nanowire NMO shows better performance and rate capability due to larger active surface, lower charge transfer resistance and larger contribution of pseudocapacitive charging. Therefore, an important conclusion of this study is that a remarkable improvement in performance of the NMO cathode can be obtained by nanostructuring through the hydrothermal synthesis of the oxide. A further important result, also in view of its potential for wider application, consists in the design and development of an experimental - modeling procedure based on electrochemical impedance spectroscopy aimed at analyzing the contribution of different mechanisms to charge storage of NMO.
L'utilizzo di energie non fossili richiede la disponibilità di sistemi di accumulo di energia affidabili. Poiché le fonti energetiche rinnovabili, come l'eolico, il solare e le onde sono intermittenti, devono essere immagazzinate quando disponibili e utilizzate per soddisfare la domanda di picco di energia. La tecnologia delle batterie agli ioni di litio (LIB) è una tecnologia di accumulo di energia elettrochimica matura ad alta efficienza, tuttavia ci sono alcuni problemi riguardanti la sicurezza e il costo di queste batterie. Inoltre, le materie prime al litio sono state richieste con forza non solo per le batterie agli ioni di litio, ma anche in altri settori, come la produzione di vetro/ceramica, trasformando così il litio in un materiale costoso. L'altro problema importante relativo alla materia prima del litio è che non è distribuito uniformemente all'interno della crosta terrestre, il che lo rende una risorsa critica di rilevanza geopolitica. Sulla base dell'ampia disponibilità e del basso costo del Na, la batteria agli ioni di Na (NIB) ha il potenziale per soddisfare le esigenze di accumulo di energia su larga scala. Tuttavia, la scelta del materiale e la sintesi non sono così mature come per i LIB e la ricerca in questo settore è agli inizi. A questo proposito, il lavoro di ricerca presentato in questo dottorato. la tesi è dedicata alla sintesi e caratterizzazione di materiali della famiglia degli ossidi di Mn da utilizzare in NIB. Di conseguenza, Na4Mn9O18 (NMO) -un promettente materiale catodico- viene sintetizzato e caratterizzato con successo sia in elettrolita organico che acquoso. L'NMO è sintetizzato mediante reazione allo stato solido e trattamento idrotermico e le differenze di morfologia, struttura e comportamento elettrochimico dei prodotti sono esplicitamente studiate in dettaglio. Infine, la capacità di velocità e le risposte cinetiche dell'NMO sintetizzato sono studiate utilizzando tecniche elettrochimiche convenzionali e confrontate criticamente utilizzando un metodo di analisi originale.
Sodium manganese oxide cathode towards the development of aqueous sodium ion storage devices
Mehdi, Soleimanzade
2021
Abstract
Utilization of non-fossil energies requires the availability of reliable energy storage systems (ESSs). As renewable sources of energies, such as wind, solar, and wave are intermittent, they need to be stored when available and used to meet energy peak demand. Lithium-ion battery (LIB) technology is a mature electrochemical energy storage technology with high efficiency, however there are some issues regarding the safety and cost of these batteries. Moreover, lithium raw materials have been vigorously demanded not only for Li-ion batteries but also in other industries, such as glass / ceramic production, thus turning lithium into a costly material. The other important issue related to the lithium raw material is that it is not uniformly spread within the earth's crust, making it a critical resource of geopolitical relevance. Based on wide availability and low cost of Na, Na-ion battery (NIB) has the potential to meet the large-scale energy storage needs. However, the material choice and synthesis are not as mature as for LIBs and research in this area is in the early stages. In this regard, the research work presented in this Ph.D. thesis is devoted to the synthesis and characterization of materials of the Mn oxide family for use in NIB. Accordingly, Na4Mn9O18 (NMO) -a promising cathodic material- is successfully synthesized and characterized in both organic and aqueous electrolyte. NMO is synthesized by solid-state reaction and hydrothermal treatment and the differences in morphology, structure and electrochemical behavior of the products are explicitly studied in details. Finally, the rate capability and kinetic responses of the synthesized NMO are studied using conventional electrochemical techniques and critically compared using an original method of analysis. The NMOs synthesized by using solid-state reaction and hydrothermal method result in completely different morphologies, rod-like and nanowire, respectively. In aqueous electrolytes, nanowire NMO shows better performance and rate capability due to larger active surface, lower charge transfer resistance and larger contribution of pseudocapacitive charging. Therefore, an important conclusion of this study is that a remarkable improvement in performance of the NMO cathode can be obtained by nanostructuring through the hydrothermal synthesis of the oxide. A further important result, also in view of its potential for wider application, consists in the design and development of an experimental - modeling procedure based on electrochemical impedance spectroscopy aimed at analyzing the contribution of different mechanisms to charge storage of NMO.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14242/203692
URN:NBN:IT:POLIMI-203692