Directives from governmental bodies, national and international, towards a more sustainable transportation industry set more and more stringent CO2 emission reduction targets. One of the major steps taken by the original equipment manufacturers (OEMs) is the progressive electrification of vehicles, which, compared to internal combustion engine (ICE) vehicles, brings benefits from many points of view. A better energy efficiency, energy security by reducing the reliance on oil-based fuels, less air pollution issues, especially in urban areas, noise reduction and industrial development are some of the highlights linked to the electric mobility. From a technical point of view, due to the electrification, the automotive industry is facing new challenges, and the electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) is one of the engineering fields that has been affected the most. While in the past, with ICE vehicles and limited on-board electronics, EMC was a minor issue and mainly related to customer satisfaction, nowadays has become a major topic, related to safety and proper functionality of the vehicle. EMC standards set both by international committees, e.g. CISPR, IEC, FCC and CEVT, and by OEMs must be fulfilled at component and vehicle level to be able to sell the vehicle and to guarantee the safety and functionality of the car. Due to the increased electromagnetic interference (EMI) sources, an electric vehicle (EV) is a complex problem from the EMC point of view, and EMI filtering has become a must. Passive filters are the state of the art in the automotive industry, but sometimes this is not enough to achieve the required filtering performance, by using the allowed components, in the given space and within the desired range of price. To achieve an optimum compromise among the aforementioned constrains, active filtering techniques are the most appealing alternatives and must be assessed also in the automotive industry. The purpose of this research study is to define a modular approach to the design of an hybrid EMI filter, combining active and passive solutions. The research includes a novel measurement technique for switched-mode power supply (SMPS) modal impedances, required in the pre-development phase to take the proper design choices and to model the equivalent modal noise source, a time-frequency analysis of the typical common mode noise and an enhanced circuit model for the derivation of the insertion loss (IL) of an active filter. All the aforementioned pieces of information have been used to design and prototype a hybrid common mode active filter tuned for 48 V traction inverter application. The electronic circuit design choices, as well as the passive filter elements, are explained and argued. Eventually, after complete system simulations, the device is tested in a CISPR 25 pre-compliance test setup including the traction inverter and an electric motor, showing excellent attenuation results. Strengths and limitations of active/hybrid EMI filters are also discussed based on the outcome of the research, and eventually future working directions and improvements to the device built are presented. This work is to be considered as a proof of concept for active filtering in automotive applications, and it gives a solid starting point for the realization of hybrid filters suitable for 48 V, 400 V and 800 V powertrains.
Le direttive di enti governative, nazionali e internazionali, che spingono verso una industria dei trasporti sostenibile, pongono limiti sulle emissioni di CO2 sempre piu’ stringenti. Uno dei principali passi compiuti dalle case produttrici (OEM) è la progressiva elettrificazione dei veicoli, che, rispetto ai veicoli equipaggiati con motore a combustione interna (ICE), portano benefici da molti punti di vista. Una migliore efficienza energetica, una maggiore sicurezza energetica vista la ridotta dipendenza dai combustibili fossili, minori problemi di inquinamento atmosferico, soprattutto nelle aree urbane, riduzione del rumore e sviluppo industriale sono alcuni dei punti salienti legati alla mobilità elettrica. Da un punto di vista tecnico, a causa dell’elettrificazione, l’industria automobilistica si trova ad affrontare nuove sfide e la compatibilità elettromagnetica (EMC) è uno dei campi ingegneristici piu’ colpiti. Mentre in passato, con i veicoli a combustione interna e la loro elettronica di bordo limitata, l’EMC era un problema minore e principalmente legato alla soddisfazione del cliente, oggi è diventato un argomento importante, legato alla sicurezza e al corretto funzionamento del veicolo. Gli standard EMC emanati da comitati internazionali, ad es. CISPR, IEC, FCC e CEVT e dalle stesse case automobilistiche devono essere soddisfatti sia a livello di singoli componenti che a veicolo completo, per permettere la libera vendita e garantire la sicurezza e la funzionalità dell’auto. A causa delle numerose fonti di interferenza elettromagnetica (EMI), un veicolo elettrico (EV) è un problema complesso dal punto di vista EMC e il filtraggio delle interferenze elettromagnetiche è d’obbligo. I filtri passivi sono lo stato dell’arte nel settore automobilistico, ma a volte questo non è sufficiente per ottenere le prestazioni di filtraggio richieste utilizzando i componenti consentiti, nello spazio dato e mantenendo la fascia di prezzo desiderata. Per ottenere un compromesso ottimale tra i suddetti vincoli, le tecniche di filtraggio attivo, già impiegate in altri settori, sono le alternative più allettanti e devono essere valutate anche nell’industria automobilistica. Lo scopo di questo studio di ricerca è definire un approccio modulare alla progettazione di un filtro EMI ibrido, combinando soluzioni attive e passive. La ricerca include una nuova tecnica di misura per le impedenze modali dei convertitori di potenza (SMPS), richiesta nella fase di pre-sviluppo per definire le scelte progettuali appropriate e per modellare la sorgente di rumore, un’analisi tempo-frequenza del tipico rumore di modo comune (CM) e un modello circuitale migliorato per la derivazione delle insertion loss (IL) di un filtro attivo. Tutte le informazioni menzionate sono state utilizzate per progettare e prototipare un filtro ibrido di modo comune ottimizzato per una specifica applicazione, un inverter di trazione a 48 V. Vengono spiegate e argomentate le scelte progettuali del circuito elettronico, così come gli elementi filtranti passivi a supporto del circuito attivo. Infine, dopo simulazioni del sistema completo, il dispositivo viene testato in un test setup di pre-conformità secondo lo standard CISPR 25, che include l’inverter e un motore elettrico, mostrando eccellenti risultati di attenuazione. I punti di forza e le limitazioni dei filtri EMI attivi / ibridi vengono anche discusse in base ai risultati della ricerca e infine vengono presentate le direzioni dei lavori futuri e i miglioramenti necessari al dispositivo costruito. Questo lavoro è da considerarsi come una verifica di concetto del filtraggio attivo nelle applicazioni automobilistiche, e fornisce un solido punto di partenza per la realizzazione di filtri ibridi adatti per propulsori a 48 V, 400 V e 800 V.
Design of a hybrid common mode EMI filter for automotive applications
ENRICO, MAZZOLA
2021
Abstract
Directives from governmental bodies, national and international, towards a more sustainable transportation industry set more and more stringent CO2 emission reduction targets. One of the major steps taken by the original equipment manufacturers (OEMs) is the progressive electrification of vehicles, which, compared to internal combustion engine (ICE) vehicles, brings benefits from many points of view. A better energy efficiency, energy security by reducing the reliance on oil-based fuels, less air pollution issues, especially in urban areas, noise reduction and industrial development are some of the highlights linked to the electric mobility. From a technical point of view, due to the electrification, the automotive industry is facing new challenges, and the electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) is one of the engineering fields that has been affected the most. While in the past, with ICE vehicles and limited on-board electronics, EMC was a minor issue and mainly related to customer satisfaction, nowadays has become a major topic, related to safety and proper functionality of the vehicle. EMC standards set both by international committees, e.g. CISPR, IEC, FCC and CEVT, and by OEMs must be fulfilled at component and vehicle level to be able to sell the vehicle and to guarantee the safety and functionality of the car. Due to the increased electromagnetic interference (EMI) sources, an electric vehicle (EV) is a complex problem from the EMC point of view, and EMI filtering has become a must. Passive filters are the state of the art in the automotive industry, but sometimes this is not enough to achieve the required filtering performance, by using the allowed components, in the given space and within the desired range of price. To achieve an optimum compromise among the aforementioned constrains, active filtering techniques are the most appealing alternatives and must be assessed also in the automotive industry. The purpose of this research study is to define a modular approach to the design of an hybrid EMI filter, combining active and passive solutions. The research includes a novel measurement technique for switched-mode power supply (SMPS) modal impedances, required in the pre-development phase to take the proper design choices and to model the equivalent modal noise source, a time-frequency analysis of the typical common mode noise and an enhanced circuit model for the derivation of the insertion loss (IL) of an active filter. All the aforementioned pieces of information have been used to design and prototype a hybrid common mode active filter tuned for 48 V traction inverter application. The electronic circuit design choices, as well as the passive filter elements, are explained and argued. Eventually, after complete system simulations, the device is tested in a CISPR 25 pre-compliance test setup including the traction inverter and an electric motor, showing excellent attenuation results. Strengths and limitations of active/hybrid EMI filters are also discussed based on the outcome of the research, and eventually future working directions and improvements to the device built are presented. This work is to be considered as a proof of concept for active filtering in automotive applications, and it gives a solid starting point for the realization of hybrid filters suitable for 48 V, 400 V and 800 V powertrains.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14242/203764
URN:NBN:IT:POLIMI-203764