The last decade has witnessed transformative changes in the way optical systems are conceived. The field of nanophotonics has emerged, realising a paradigm shift in optics as a result of the spatial confinement of materials down to the nanoscale. Peculiar phenomena unattainable in the bulk have been unveiled, and novel routes proposed to achieve advanced functionalities in nanometric volumes with unparalleled efficiency, leveraging the unique flexibility offered by nanophotonic structures towards the engineering of light-matter interactions. The dramatic advantages of these systems are, however, accompanied by a richer landscape of the effects resulting from their photoexcitation. Illustrative examples of such complexity are the ultrafast processes related to nonequilibrium hot electronic states in photoexcited nanostructured materials, or the exceptional properties of metasurfaces, quasi two-dimensional sub-wavelength arrangements of resonant nanostructures. In this framework, understanding the mechanisms regulating light-matter interaction is pivotal and calls for theoretical and computational tools capable of accurately describing the response of nanophotonic systems in realistic conditions. A predictive modelling of the effects of photoexcitation represents the key ingredient to design novel nanodevices for real-world photonic applications. Towards this direction, this manuscript has the two-fold aim of presenting suitable approaches to model light-matter interaction at the nanoscale, and of showing that a rational design of nanophotonic structures is possible and enables to achieve advanced optical functionalities. The techniques to describe i) the ultrafast dynamics of hot carriers in nanostructures, with particular emphasis on plasmonic materials, ii) the electromagnetic and (photo)thermal phenomena at the nano- and macroscale, and iii) the optical nonlinearities driven by nonequilibrium electrons are first introduced. Details on the modelling approaches are followed by an overview of our contributions to the field of hot carrier-based nanophotonics. Examples are reported of nanophotonic systems, mainly in metastructure configuration, designed to achieve various functionalities, encompassing ultrafast control of light, all-optical reconfiguration, photothermal drug release, solar-driven steam generation, plasmonic photocatalysis. Taken together, this work indicates that a segregated multiphysics modelling, validated by ultrafast spectroscopy techniques, can provide us with valuable tools to understand and manipulate the complex mechanisms of light-matter interaction at the nanoscale, paving the way for a novel class of nanophotonic devices fully exploiting the potential of hot carriers.
Nell’ultimo decennio si è assistito a cambiamenti radicali nella maniera di pensare i sistemi ottici. Il nuovo campo della nanofotonica si è affermato come un nuovo paradigma in ottica, a seguito del confinamento spaziale di materiali alla nanoscala. Ciò ha permesso di scoprire particolari fenomeni, altrimenti impossibili in materiali alla macroscala, e di proporre nuove vie per realizzare funzionalità avanzate in volumi nanometrici con efficienze senza precedenti, grazie alla flessibilità di strutture nanofotoniche in vista dell’ingegnerizzazione dell’interazione luce-materia. D’altro canto, i sostanziali vantaggi di questi sistemi sono accompagnati da un ben più ricco scenario degli effetti risultanti dalla foto-eccitazione. Casi esemplificativi di tale complessità sono i processi ultrarapidi connessi a stati elettrici fuori equilibrio definiti ‘caldi’ in materiali nanostrutturati foto-eccitati, come anche le straordinarie proprietà delle metasuperfici, ripetizioni periodiche quasi bi-dimensionali di nanostrutture risonanti. In questo contesto, la comprensione dei meccanismi che regolato l’interazione luce-materia risulta fondamentale, e richiede strumenti teorici e computazionali capaci di descrivere accuratamente la risposta di sistemi nanofotonici in condizioni reali. Una modellistica predittiva degli effetti della foto-eccitazione rappresenta un ingrediente chiave per progettare nuovi nanodispositivi in vista di applicazioni fotoniche realistiche. In tale direzione, questo manoscritto ha il doppio scopo di presentare approcci adatti a modellizzare l’interazione luce-materia alla nanoscala, ed anche di mostrare che non solo è possibile una precisa progettazione di nanostrutture fotoniche, ma anche che ciò permette di realizzare funzionalità ottiche avanzate. Il manoscritto introduce innanzitutto le tecniche per descrivere i) la dinamica ultraveloce di portatori caldi in nanostrutture, con particolare enfasi sui materiali plasmonici; ii) i fenomeni elettromagnetici e (foto-)termici alla nano- e macroscala; iii) le nonlinearità ottiche connesse a elettroni fuori equilibrio. I dettagli degli approcci modellistici sono seguiti da un excursus dei nostri contributi al campo della nanofotonica basata su portatori caldi. Vengono riportano esempi di sistemi nanofotonici, principalmente in configurazione di metastruttura, progettati per diverse funzionalità, dal controllo ultraveloce della luce alla riconfigurazione tutta-ottica, dal rilascio fototermico di farmaci alla generazione di vapore con energia solare e la fotocatalisi plasmonica. Nel suo insieme, questo lavoro mostra che una modellistica multifisica, validata sulla base di tecniche sperimentali spettroscopiche ultraveloci, è in grado di fornire preziosi strumenti per comprendere e manipolare i complessi meccanismi dell’interazione luce-materia alla naonscala, aprendo così la via ad una nuova classe di nanodispositivi fotonici capaci di sfruttare portatori fuori equilibrio al massimo del loro potenziale.
Predictive modelling of ultrafast hot carrier dynamics and nonlinear photothermal phenomena in designer nanophotonic structures
Schirato, Andrea
2022
Abstract
The last decade has witnessed transformative changes in the way optical systems are conceived. The field of nanophotonics has emerged, realising a paradigm shift in optics as a result of the spatial confinement of materials down to the nanoscale. Peculiar phenomena unattainable in the bulk have been unveiled, and novel routes proposed to achieve advanced functionalities in nanometric volumes with unparalleled efficiency, leveraging the unique flexibility offered by nanophotonic structures towards the engineering of light-matter interactions. The dramatic advantages of these systems are, however, accompanied by a richer landscape of the effects resulting from their photoexcitation. Illustrative examples of such complexity are the ultrafast processes related to nonequilibrium hot electronic states in photoexcited nanostructured materials, or the exceptional properties of metasurfaces, quasi two-dimensional sub-wavelength arrangements of resonant nanostructures. In this framework, understanding the mechanisms regulating light-matter interaction is pivotal and calls for theoretical and computational tools capable of accurately describing the response of nanophotonic systems in realistic conditions. A predictive modelling of the effects of photoexcitation represents the key ingredient to design novel nanodevices for real-world photonic applications. Towards this direction, this manuscript has the two-fold aim of presenting suitable approaches to model light-matter interaction at the nanoscale, and of showing that a rational design of nanophotonic structures is possible and enables to achieve advanced optical functionalities. The techniques to describe i) the ultrafast dynamics of hot carriers in nanostructures, with particular emphasis on plasmonic materials, ii) the electromagnetic and (photo)thermal phenomena at the nano- and macroscale, and iii) the optical nonlinearities driven by nonequilibrium electrons are first introduced. Details on the modelling approaches are followed by an overview of our contributions to the field of hot carrier-based nanophotonics. Examples are reported of nanophotonic systems, mainly in metastructure configuration, designed to achieve various functionalities, encompassing ultrafast control of light, all-optical reconfiguration, photothermal drug release, solar-driven steam generation, plasmonic photocatalysis. Taken together, this work indicates that a segregated multiphysics modelling, validated by ultrafast spectroscopy techniques, can provide us with valuable tools to understand and manipulate the complex mechanisms of light-matter interaction at the nanoscale, paving the way for a novel class of nanophotonic devices fully exploiting the potential of hot carriers.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14242/203810
URN:NBN:IT:POLIMI-203810