Scrap-based steel production is one of the major routes in the European and Italian steel industry, with an increasing production outlook. Slag is the major steelmaking by-product, accounting for around 15% of the production weight arising several challenges to the sector in terms of sustainability due to a high proportion of landfilling. The thesis analyses the value chain of slag from electric arc furnace (EAF) (black slag-BS) and secondary metallurgy (white slag-WS) and proposes a new framework for valorising it and a new configuration of the ecosystem. To this aim, the research methodology is designed by aggregating different methods and tools to build up the appropriate framework for slag management, with a particular focus on the WS and evaluating possible scenarios based on the overall challenges of the steel sector. In the first step, through extensive literature analysis, slag features, technological advancements for its treatment, applications, legislation, and its outlook regarding the circular economy and industrial symbiosis opportunities are investigated. The results of the literature analysis are used for the definition of semi-structured interviews, being conducted with 15 key managers (strategic or operational) from steelmaking companies, technology providers, and associations to design the as-is situation of the sector and elaborate on the challenges and expectations for the future. The second phase of the study is based on a thorough analysis of the slag challenges, supported by interviews with five Italian steelmakers, accounting for around 30% of Italian scrap-based steel volume. This phase focuses on various value chain key factors, namely technology, legislation, production volume, and economic aspects. Consequently, we assess the as-is situation of the sector and elaborate on the challenges and expectations for the future in collaboration frameworks. The results show how vertical (by internal treatment) and horizontal integrations (by collaborating with other potential industries) support decisions on material flow and facilitate circularity in sharing this kind of material. In the studied cases, the most influential enabler in the vertical integration is the economic aspect, while in the horizontal integration, the enablers are the market and technology. The problem of raw material self-sufficiency through analysing closed-loop and collaborative supply chain networks is also addressed. Based on the interviews in the second step of the study and the fact that the BS is already treated and applied in various sectors, the challenges that prevent the WS treatment and application are strongly influenced by the volume instability, volatile composition, and slag disintegration. Accordingly, the third step analyses the WS value chain and proposes a new framework where the potential of technologically innovative applications requires changes in the treatment processes towards a pre-treatment phase (focusing on cooling practices) to prepare the slag for the main treatment. To this aim, the thesis investigates the opportunities for WS use through the lime production process and develops a mapping of technological approaches. The output of the analysis with the experts results in the definition of the criteria to evaluate the possible alternative solutions for WS treatment and use. The alternatives of the ecosystem configuration are defined by considering the treatment unit owners and locations, pre-treatment and treatment processes, and collaboration aspects. To build the model, we identified the key stakeholders, their aim and potential added value to valorise the WS value chain. To this aim, the Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) has been adopted to consider qualitative and quantitative criteria influencing the decisions on the ecosystem configuration, namely technology, legislation, economic and environmental sustainability, and supply chain. The multi-criteria combined with the multi-expert modelling approach helps balance the importance of different criteria from the actors’ points of view, such as steel producers and technology providers. The results show economic sustainability has the highest importance, while CO2 emission and water consumption are other sub-criteria that significantly impact the WS value chain. For validating the model, the Lombardy region as one of the major European hubs for EAF steel production has been selected. Alternatives’ ranking shows that a pre-treatment phase is essential since it facilitates WS logistics management and has environmental advantages. A collaborative approach among steel producers or external recyclers is preferred when there is the readiness of the ecosystem, hardware infrastructure, product certificate and operations legislation. In a collaborative system, a recycler as an independent third-party is preferred to a consortium of producers collaborating for slag recycling due to the broader market coverage, environmental sustainability, and higher profits for the recycler. This study can be helpful for steel producers to decide on the feasibility and profitability of establishing treatment units, collaborating with other producers, or selling WS to recyclers. It can also be helpful for policymakers to analyse the regional perspective and potential industrial sectors and explore new business models.
La produzione di acciaio da rottame rappresenta una delle più importanti direttrici di sviluppo dell'industria siderurgica europea e italiana, con previsioni di crescita per i prossimi anni. Le scorie sono il principale sottoprodotto della produzione siderurgica, rappresentando circa il 15% del peso della produzione e ponendo diverse sfide al settore in termini di sostenibilità a causa dell'elevata quantità di materiale che finisce ancora in discarica. Scopo della tesi è analizzare la catena del valore delle scorie da forno elettrico ad arco (EAF) (scoria nera-BS) e della metallurgia secondaria (scoria bianca-WS) e proporre un nuovo framework per la sua valorizzazione e una nuova configurazione dell'ecosistema. A tal fine, la metodologia di ricerca si basa sull’utilizzo congiunto di alcuni metodi e strumenti di analisi quali-quantitativa per costruire un framework per la gestione delle scorie con particolare focus sulle scorie bianche e valutare le diverse opzioni possibili sulla base delle sfide del settore siderurgico. Nella prima fase, attraverso un'ampia analisi della letteratura, vengono studiate le caratteristiche delle scorie, i progressi tecnologici per il loro trattamento, le applicazioni, la legislazione e le prospettive in termini di economia circolare e relative opportunità di simbiosi industriale. I risultati dell’analisi della letteratura sono utilizzati per la definizione di interviste semi-strutturate, condotte con 15 manager chiave (strategici o operativi) di aziende siderurgiche, fornitori di tecnologia e associazioni per analizzare la situazione attuale del settore ed elaborare le sfide e le aspettative per il futuro. La seconda fase dello studio si basa sull’analisi approfondita del problema delle scorie supportata da interviste a cinque produttori siderurgici italiani, selezionati in quanto rappresentano circa il 30% del volume italiano di acciaio da rottame, concentrandosi su vari aspetti della catena del valore, vale a dire tecnologia, legislazione, volume di produzione e aspetti economici. I risultati mostrano come le decisioni sull'integrazione verticale (tramite trattamento interno) e orizzontale (da parte di attori esterni) nel flusso di materiali (sia BS che WS) possono facilitare la circolarità in questo settore. Nei casi studiati, l'integrazione verticale incide fortemente sull'aspetto economico, mentre l'integrazione orizzontale ha un impatto positivo sul mercato e sulla tecnologia. Viene analizzato anche il problema dell'autosufficienza delle materie prime nelle catene di approvvigionamento a ciclo chiuso e nelle reti di catene di approvvigionamento collaborative. Sulla base delle interviste nella seconda fase dello studio, emerge che mentre le BS sono già trattate e applicate in diversi settori, il trattamento e l'applicazione di WS sono ancora fortemente influenzati da l'instabilità del volume, la composizione molto volatile e la disintegrazione delle scorie. Di conseguenza, la terza fase analizza la catena del valore di WS e propone un nuovo quadro in cui il potenziale delle applicazioni tecnologicamente innovative richiede cambiamenti nei processi di trattamento verso una fase di pre-trattamento (concentrandosi sulle pratiche di raffreddamento) per preparare le scorie per i trattamenti principali . A tal fine, la tesi indaga le opportunità di utilizzo di WS confrontandolo con la produzione della calce e propone una mappatura degli approcci tecnologici. L'output dell'analisi con gli esperti porta alla definizione dei criteri per valutare le possibili soluzioni alternative per il trattamento e l'uso di WS. Le alternative di configurazione dell’ecosistema sono state definite considerando i possibili attori coinvolti, la localizzazione delle unità di pre-trattamento e trattamento, e i possibili meccanismi di collaborazione. Utilizzando un metodo di valutazione multicriteria (AHP-Analytical Hierarchy Process) è stato possibile considerare criteri qualitativi e quantitativi che influenzano le decisioni nella configurazione dell’ecosistema come mercato, tecnologia, legislazione, catena di fornitura e sostenibilità ambientale ed economica e dare priorità alle alternative sulla base delle opinioni degli esperti. I risultati mostrano che la sostenibilità economica ha la massima importanza, ma sono ritenuti molto importanti anche criteri come le emissioni di CO2 e il consumo di acqua sulla catena del valore di WS. Sulla base del caso di studio specifico analizzato in questo lavoro, strutturare l’ecosistema in modo che ci sia un riciclatore di scorie che opera come terza parte indipendente per attrare il WS pre-trattato ed eseguire il processo di trattamento si dimostra più vantaggiosa rispetto alle altre alternative. Inoltre, mostriamo come sia fondamentale un sistema collaborativo, dove si preferisce un riciclatore di terze parti a un consorzio di produttori che collaborano per il riciclaggio delle scorie. Il modello sviluppato e il sistema di valutazione multi-criteria può essere utilizzato anche coinvolgendo altri esperti e altre regioni per facilitare la creazione di ecosistemi per valorizzare le scorie e valutare le possibili alternative possibili.
A framework for the valorisation of slag as a by-product of electric arc furnace (EAF) steel
Mohammadtaghi, Falsafi
2023
Abstract
Scrap-based steel production is one of the major routes in the European and Italian steel industry, with an increasing production outlook. Slag is the major steelmaking by-product, accounting for around 15% of the production weight arising several challenges to the sector in terms of sustainability due to a high proportion of landfilling. The thesis analyses the value chain of slag from electric arc furnace (EAF) (black slag-BS) and secondary metallurgy (white slag-WS) and proposes a new framework for valorising it and a new configuration of the ecosystem. To this aim, the research methodology is designed by aggregating different methods and tools to build up the appropriate framework for slag management, with a particular focus on the WS and evaluating possible scenarios based on the overall challenges of the steel sector. In the first step, through extensive literature analysis, slag features, technological advancements for its treatment, applications, legislation, and its outlook regarding the circular economy and industrial symbiosis opportunities are investigated. The results of the literature analysis are used for the definition of semi-structured interviews, being conducted with 15 key managers (strategic or operational) from steelmaking companies, technology providers, and associations to design the as-is situation of the sector and elaborate on the challenges and expectations for the future. The second phase of the study is based on a thorough analysis of the slag challenges, supported by interviews with five Italian steelmakers, accounting for around 30% of Italian scrap-based steel volume. This phase focuses on various value chain key factors, namely technology, legislation, production volume, and economic aspects. Consequently, we assess the as-is situation of the sector and elaborate on the challenges and expectations for the future in collaboration frameworks. The results show how vertical (by internal treatment) and horizontal integrations (by collaborating with other potential industries) support decisions on material flow and facilitate circularity in sharing this kind of material. In the studied cases, the most influential enabler in the vertical integration is the economic aspect, while in the horizontal integration, the enablers are the market and technology. The problem of raw material self-sufficiency through analysing closed-loop and collaborative supply chain networks is also addressed. Based on the interviews in the second step of the study and the fact that the BS is already treated and applied in various sectors, the challenges that prevent the WS treatment and application are strongly influenced by the volume instability, volatile composition, and slag disintegration. Accordingly, the third step analyses the WS value chain and proposes a new framework where the potential of technologically innovative applications requires changes in the treatment processes towards a pre-treatment phase (focusing on cooling practices) to prepare the slag for the main treatment. To this aim, the thesis investigates the opportunities for WS use through the lime production process and develops a mapping of technological approaches. The output of the analysis with the experts results in the definition of the criteria to evaluate the possible alternative solutions for WS treatment and use. The alternatives of the ecosystem configuration are defined by considering the treatment unit owners and locations, pre-treatment and treatment processes, and collaboration aspects. To build the model, we identified the key stakeholders, their aim and potential added value to valorise the WS value chain. To this aim, the Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) has been adopted to consider qualitative and quantitative criteria influencing the decisions on the ecosystem configuration, namely technology, legislation, economic and environmental sustainability, and supply chain. The multi-criteria combined with the multi-expert modelling approach helps balance the importance of different criteria from the actors’ points of view, such as steel producers and technology providers. The results show economic sustainability has the highest importance, while CO2 emission and water consumption are other sub-criteria that significantly impact the WS value chain. For validating the model, the Lombardy region as one of the major European hubs for EAF steel production has been selected. Alternatives’ ranking shows that a pre-treatment phase is essential since it facilitates WS logistics management and has environmental advantages. A collaborative approach among steel producers or external recyclers is preferred when there is the readiness of the ecosystem, hardware infrastructure, product certificate and operations legislation. In a collaborative system, a recycler as an independent third-party is preferred to a consortium of producers collaborating for slag recycling due to the broader market coverage, environmental sustainability, and higher profits for the recycler. This study can be helpful for steel producers to decide on the feasibility and profitability of establishing treatment units, collaborating with other producers, or selling WS to recyclers. It can also be helpful for policymakers to analyse the regional perspective and potential industrial sectors and explore new business models.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14242/204155
URN:NBN:IT:POLIMI-204155