The economic and social development have carried impacts on human health, water and soil quality. Reducing the negative impacts through appropriate remedial measures and interventions is needed. The innovative in situ clean up technologies that have been tested for heavy metals and hydrocarbons proved hopeful results (economic and time saving). Following the indications of the European Community, which requires "targeted, proportionate and sustainable approaches to face environmental quality issue", the work focuses on the study of sustainable in situ technologies for soil and groundwater decontamination by reducing the use of energy and natural resources and by avoiding long-term changes of subsurface conditions. The research activity was directed toward different technologies or a combination of them, with the goal of decontaminating heterogeneous unsaturated or saturated soils, highly polluted by Total Petroleum Hydrocarbons (TPHs), Polycyclic Aromatics Hydrocarbons (PAHs), and heavy metals (Arsenic, Lead, Zinc, Copper, and Cadmium). To overcome the challenges posed by this kind of contamination, the following technologies were considered: - Electrokinetics (EK) involves the application of a potential gradient or a low direct current (up to 1 A) across electrodes inserted into the contaminated soil. The main mechanisms occurring in the soil are: 1) electroosmosis (involving water molecules); 2) electromigration (involving ions), and 3) electrophoresis (involving charged particles). In the EK process, water electrolysis usually result in soil acidification/alkalization around anode/cathode, phenomenon that has to be properly contrasted. EK can handle mostly toxic metals, and can be scaled up to meet different site-specific requirements. - In-Situ Chemical-Oxidation (ISCO) is based on the use of an oxidant to promote the degradation of organic compounds. Among the inorganic oxidants injected into the subsurface, persulfate (PS) has several advantages, such as long lifetime at subsurface temperature and significant aqueous solubility. As a consequence, the persulfate anion may be spread into the subsurface before being properly activated for a stronger effect toward a variety of pollutants. The activation of persulfate at moderate temperatures (35-45 °C), through the use of electrodes or heating elements inserted into the soil, is compatible with biodegradation in the soil. - Microbial electrochemical technologies (MET) benefit from the natural capacity of microorganisms to catalyze electrochemical reactions using solid electrodes as inexhaustible electron acceptors/donors. Therefore, they require little or no energy supply, and do not require the injection of chemicals into the soil. As other bioremediation techniques, MET can be a complementary remediation strategy to obtain effective and efficient removal at non-toxic pollutant concentrations. The research carried out has focused on designing, planning and conducting lab-scale experiments, and realization of the remote control and monitoring system for the tests. The laboratory tests were conducted with the aim of: (i) to investigate the extent of the different phenomena under the different operational conditions; (ii) to evaluate the transport of contaminants, and chemical species in soil; (iii)to verify the effect on pH, electrical conductivity, redox potential, and temperature, under different operative conditions; (iv) to assess the effects of the different operative conditions on TPHs and PAHs degradation, and heavy metals removal / toxicity; (v) to investigate the applicability of sequential operative conditions to optimize the remediation. The experimental activities in the lab were developed performing batch tests, 2D tests and 3D tests. Details about 2D and 3D tests cannot be reported here, because of the confidentiality of the data. In fact, Politecnico reserves the right to include and/ or use them for filing one or more patent applications for inventions. Batch test Batch tests have been used for i) exploring the mobility of metals at different pH in soils polluted by metals, and ii) assessing soil oxidant demand on soil polluted by PAHs and C>12 petroleum hydrocarbons, as well as the possible release of metals species from the soils, as a consequence of the highly oxidizing conditions induced into the soil. Leaching tests have been performed following standard procedure, using properly pH conditioned tap water as a leachant. The results of these tests highlighted metals in the experimental soils to be present in highly stable and not mobile forms, with a minimum leachability in water and only at extreme pH conditions. Chemical oxidation batch tests were run in sealed vials. The results demonstrated a limited effect on pollutant removal, affected by the type of contaminants and their mixture, and the chemical-physical characteristics of the soil. In particular, the contaminants present in the liquid phase or weakly sorbed onto the solid phase were more easily removed. In conclusion, batch tests were crucial to investigate the limiting factors affecting the removal of the different types of pollutants under study, and allowed to design the suitable treatment and the operative conditions to obtain an effective degradation of organic contaminants and metal removal in the treated soil.
Lo sviluppo economico e sociale ha avuto ripercussioni sulla salute umana, sull'acqua e sulla qualità del suolo. È necessario ridurre gli impatti negativi attraverso misure e interventi correttivi adeguati. Le innovative tecnologie di pulizia in situ che sono state testate per metalli pesanti e idrocarburi hanno dimostrato risultati promettenti (economici e di risparmio di tempo). Seguendo le indicazioni della Comunità Europea, che richiede "approcci mirati, proporzionati e sostenibili per affrontare il problema della qualità ambientale", il lavoro si concentra sullo studio di tecnologie sostenibili in situ per la decontaminazione del suolo e delle acque sotterranee riducendo l'uso di energia e risorse naturali e evitando cambiamenti a lungo termine delle condizioni del sottosuolo. L'attività di ricerca è stata rivolta a diverse tecnologie o ad una loro combinazione, con l'obiettivo di decontaminare suoli eterogenei insaturi o saturi, altamente inquinati da Idrocarburi Totali di Petrolio (TPH), Idrocarburi Policiclici Aromatici (IPA) e metalli pesanti (Arsenico, Piombo, Zinco, Rame e Cadmio). Per superare le sfide poste da questo tipo di contaminazione, sono state prese in considerazione le seguenti tecnologie: - L'elettrocinetica (EK) prevede l'applicazione di un gradiente di potenziale o di una bassa corrente continua (fino a 1 A) attraverso elettrodi inseriti nel terreno contaminato. I principali meccanismi che si verificano nel suolo sono: 1) l'elettrosmosi (che coinvolge le molecole d'acqua); 2) elettromigrazione (che coinvolge ioni) e 3) elettroforesi (che coinvolge particelle cariche). Nel processo EK, l'elettrolisi dell'acqua di solito provoca l'acidificazione/alcalinizzazione del suolo attorno all'anodo/catodo, fenomeno che deve essere opportunamente contrastato. EK può gestire principalmente metalli tossici e può essere ampliato per soddisfare i diversi requisiti specifici del sito. - L'ossidazione chimica in situ (ISCO) si basa sull'uso di un ossidante per promuovere la degradazione dei composti organici. Tra gli ossidanti inorganici iniettati nel sottosuolo, il persolfato (PS) presenta numerosi vantaggi, come una lunga durata alla temperatura del sottosuolo e una significativa solubilità in acqua. Di conseguenza, l'anione persolfato può diffondersi nel sottosuolo prima di essere adeguatamente attivato per un effetto più forte verso una varietà di inquinanti. L'attivazione del persolfato a temperature moderate (35-45 °C), attraverso l'utilizzo di elettrodi o elementi riscaldanti inseriti nel terreno, è compatibile con la biodegradazione del suolo. - Le tecnologie elettrochimiche microbiche (MET) beneficiano della capacità naturale dei microrganismi di catalizzare reazioni elettrochimiche utilizzando elettrodi solidi come inesauribili accettori/donatori di elettroni. Pertanto, richiedono poca o nessuna fornitura di energia e non richiedono l'iniezione di sostanze chimiche nel terreno. Come altre tecniche di biorisanamento, il MET può essere una strategia di bonifica complementare per ottenere una rimozione efficace ed efficiente a concentrazioni di inquinanti non tossici. La ricerca svolta si è concentrata sulla progettazione, pianificazione e conduzione di esperimenti su scala di laboratorio e sulla realizzazione del sistema di controllo e monitoraggio remoto per le prove. Le prove di laboratorio sono state condotte con l'obiettivo di: (i) indagare la portata dei diversi fenomeni nelle diverse condizioni operative; (ii) valutare il trasporto di contaminanti e specie chimiche nel suolo; (iii) verificare l'effetto su pH, conducibilità elettrica, potenziale redox e temperatura, in diverse condizioni operative; (iv) valutare gli effetti delle diverse condizioni operative sulla degradazione di TPH e IPA e sulla rimozione/tossicità dei metalli pesanti; (v) studiare l'applicabilità di condizioni operative sequenziali per ottimizzare la bonifica. Le attività sperimentali in laboratorio sono state sviluppate eseguendo test batch, test 2D e test 3D. I dettagli sui test 2D e 3D non possono essere riportati qui, a causa della riservatezza dei dati. Il Politecnico, infatti, si riserva il diritto di includerli e/o utilizzarli per il deposito di una o più domande di brevetto per invenzioni. Prova in lotti I batch test sono stati utilizzati per i) esplorare la mobilità dei metalli a pH diversi nei suoli inquinati da metalli e ii) valutare la domanda di ossidanti del suolo sul suolo inquinato da IPA e idrocarburi petroliferi C>12, nonché il possibile rilascio di specie di metalli dai suoli, in conseguenza delle condizioni altamente ossidanti indotte nel suolo. I test di lisciviazione sono stati eseguiti seguendo la procedura standard, utilizzando come lisciviante acqua di rubinetto adeguatamente condizionata. I risultati di queste prove hanno evidenziato che i metalli nei terreni sperimentali sono presenti in forme altamente stabili e non mobili, con una minima dispersione in acqua e solo a condizioni di pH estreme. I test batch di ossidazione chimica sono stati eseguiti in fiale sigillate. I risultati hanno dimostrato un effetto limitato sulla rimozione degli inquinanti, influenzato dalla tipologia dei contaminanti e dalla loro miscela, e dalle caratteristiche chimico-fisiche del suolo. In particolare, i contaminanti presenti nella fase liquida o debolmente assorbiti sulla fase solida sono stati rimossi più facilmente. In conclusione, le prove batch sono state determinanti per indagare i fattori limitanti che incidono sulla rimozione delle diverse tipologie di inquinanti oggetto di studio, e hanno permesso di progettare il trattamento idoneo e le condizioni operative per ottenere un'efficace degradazione dei contaminanti organici e la rimozione dei metalli nel terreno trattato .
Innovative sustainable low-energy technologies for contaminated sites
GABRIELE, BERETTA
2022
Abstract
The economic and social development have carried impacts on human health, water and soil quality. Reducing the negative impacts through appropriate remedial measures and interventions is needed. The innovative in situ clean up technologies that have been tested for heavy metals and hydrocarbons proved hopeful results (economic and time saving). Following the indications of the European Community, which requires "targeted, proportionate and sustainable approaches to face environmental quality issue", the work focuses on the study of sustainable in situ technologies for soil and groundwater decontamination by reducing the use of energy and natural resources and by avoiding long-term changes of subsurface conditions. The research activity was directed toward different technologies or a combination of them, with the goal of decontaminating heterogeneous unsaturated or saturated soils, highly polluted by Total Petroleum Hydrocarbons (TPHs), Polycyclic Aromatics Hydrocarbons (PAHs), and heavy metals (Arsenic, Lead, Zinc, Copper, and Cadmium). To overcome the challenges posed by this kind of contamination, the following technologies were considered: - Electrokinetics (EK) involves the application of a potential gradient or a low direct current (up to 1 A) across electrodes inserted into the contaminated soil. The main mechanisms occurring in the soil are: 1) electroosmosis (involving water molecules); 2) electromigration (involving ions), and 3) electrophoresis (involving charged particles). In the EK process, water electrolysis usually result in soil acidification/alkalization around anode/cathode, phenomenon that has to be properly contrasted. EK can handle mostly toxic metals, and can be scaled up to meet different site-specific requirements. - In-Situ Chemical-Oxidation (ISCO) is based on the use of an oxidant to promote the degradation of organic compounds. Among the inorganic oxidants injected into the subsurface, persulfate (PS) has several advantages, such as long lifetime at subsurface temperature and significant aqueous solubility. As a consequence, the persulfate anion may be spread into the subsurface before being properly activated for a stronger effect toward a variety of pollutants. The activation of persulfate at moderate temperatures (35-45 °C), through the use of electrodes or heating elements inserted into the soil, is compatible with biodegradation in the soil. - Microbial electrochemical technologies (MET) benefit from the natural capacity of microorganisms to catalyze electrochemical reactions using solid electrodes as inexhaustible electron acceptors/donors. Therefore, they require little or no energy supply, and do not require the injection of chemicals into the soil. As other bioremediation techniques, MET can be a complementary remediation strategy to obtain effective and efficient removal at non-toxic pollutant concentrations. The research carried out has focused on designing, planning and conducting lab-scale experiments, and realization of the remote control and monitoring system for the tests. The laboratory tests were conducted with the aim of: (i) to investigate the extent of the different phenomena under the different operational conditions; (ii) to evaluate the transport of contaminants, and chemical species in soil; (iii)to verify the effect on pH, electrical conductivity, redox potential, and temperature, under different operative conditions; (iv) to assess the effects of the different operative conditions on TPHs and PAHs degradation, and heavy metals removal / toxicity; (v) to investigate the applicability of sequential operative conditions to optimize the remediation. The experimental activities in the lab were developed performing batch tests, 2D tests and 3D tests. Details about 2D and 3D tests cannot be reported here, because of the confidentiality of the data. In fact, Politecnico reserves the right to include and/ or use them for filing one or more patent applications for inventions. Batch test Batch tests have been used for i) exploring the mobility of metals at different pH in soils polluted by metals, and ii) assessing soil oxidant demand on soil polluted by PAHs and C>12 petroleum hydrocarbons, as well as the possible release of metals species from the soils, as a consequence of the highly oxidizing conditions induced into the soil. Leaching tests have been performed following standard procedure, using properly pH conditioned tap water as a leachant. The results of these tests highlighted metals in the experimental soils to be present in highly stable and not mobile forms, with a minimum leachability in water and only at extreme pH conditions. Chemical oxidation batch tests were run in sealed vials. The results demonstrated a limited effect on pollutant removal, affected by the type of contaminants and their mixture, and the chemical-physical characteristics of the soil. In particular, the contaminants present in the liquid phase or weakly sorbed onto the solid phase were more easily removed. In conclusion, batch tests were crucial to investigate the limiting factors affecting the removal of the different types of pollutants under study, and allowed to design the suitable treatment and the operative conditions to obtain an effective degradation of organic contaminants and metal removal in the treated soil.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14242/204607
URN:NBN:IT:POLIMI-204607