Global climate change has led to an increase in extreme weather events, which have a significant impact on human life and health at a large scale. In urban areas, these extreme weather conditions create diverse microclimates due to the variety of urban morphology, thereby affecting human thermal comfort on a micro level. As a result, urban morphology plays a critical role in shaping the urban microclimate. However, mainstream urban and architectural design systems often prioritize rational functionalism, overlooking climate and environmental issues, especially when renovating old urban areas in developing countries. Consequently, housing difficulties have arisen for residents living in these old urban areas within metropolitan regions, further complicating the task of improving the microclimate. Many ancient urban areas in China possess a rich cultural heritage and a long history. Nevertheless, the living environment in these areas has deteriorated over time due to irrational architectural renovation and reconstruction. To address these issues, this study employs an empirical research method in urban climatology to systematically investigate the climate adaptation mechanisms of urban spaces in northern China, providing valuable quantitative insights. The study extensively examines the synergistic effects of morphological design elements on the microclimate, thereby offering essential guidance for architectural and urban design. Currently, numerous scholars in the fields of architecture and climatology have conducted research on the correlation between urban space and urban microclimate at various levels. The findings of these studies elucidate several previously undiscovered laws regarding microclimate, providing a theoretical foundation for designing cities and buildings with comfortable climates. However, most of these studies rely solely on field surveys and software simulations of existing buildings, neglecting to explore the historical and developmental correlation between space and microclimate. This study focuses on residential courtyard spaces and block spaces in Xi'an, a representative city in northern China. Firstly, it examines the changes in urban space resulting from historical and cultural development factors. We have meticulously documented the urban history of Xi'an, spanning over 3000 years, in chronological order and selected the Xi'an Hui settlement area, primarily inhabited by ethnic minorities, based on our research purpose. Additionally, the study summarizes spatial evolution patterns at different scales, including cities, blocks, and courtyards. Our field survey encompasses 232 courtyards in the study area, examining courtyard orientation, layout, spatial changes across different historical periods, spatial renewal models, and conducting internal microclimate simulations of courtyards with various characteristics. It is worth mentioning that the majority of cases in this study possess a long history. For instance, we conducted research on the spatial evolution and climate correlation of a courtyard with a history of approximately 400 years, marking the first time that such a residential courtyard with a time span exceeding 400 years has been utilized for simulation research. Secondly, we measured the microclimate at pedestrian height in urban space during winter and summer, utilizing climate simulation software such as Envi-met and Scstream for simulations. By adjusting design parameters, we determined the correlation between various design indicators and the indoor and outdoor microclimate. Based on different spatial scales and building types, this research proposes climate-adaptive design strategies. Drawing on measured data and simulation analysis, this research simulates the design variables of the urban spatial form control model at two design scales: courtyards and blocks. With regards to courtyard dimensions, the study examines the impact of design elements such as courtyard orientation, aspect ratio, building height, materials, depth, and window-wall ratio on the indoor and outdoor microclimate of residential courtyards. The study reveals that an increase in building height leads to a more significant decrease in temperature and wind speed. Moreover, under similar conditions, the temperature in north-south open spaces is higher compared to east-west open spaces, while the wind speed in north-south open spaces generally tends to be lower than in east-west open spaces. However, it is important to note that these findings are specific to the location of Xi'an and the prevailing wind direction of North-East. In the study of microclimate at the block scale, we propose climate-adaptive design strategies suitable for different types of urban spaces based on actual measurements and simulation analyses of three different spatial types. Additionally, the study summarizes climate-adaptive building design indicators applicable to high-rise residential areas through correlation analysis. Building upon the climate-adaptive design indicators proposed for various sizes and types of urban spaces in this research, we present a comprehensive list of climate-adaptive architectural design strategies in the final section. Our objective is to provide scientific guidance for urban and architectural design based on these findings.
Il cambiamento climatico globale ha portato a un aumento degli eventi meteorologici estremi, che hanno un impatto significativo sulla vita umana e sulla salute su larga scala. Nelle aree urbane, queste condizioni meteorologiche estreme creano microclimi diversificati a causa della varietà della morfologia urbana, influenzando così il comfort termico umano a livello microscopico. Di conseguenza, la morfologia urbana gioca un ruolo cruciale nella formazione del microclima urbano. Tuttavia, i sistemi mainstream di progettazione urbana e architettonica spesso privilegiano il funzionalismo razionale, trascurando le questioni climatiche ed ambientali, specialmente durante la ristrutturazione delle vecchie aree urbane nei paesi in via di sviluppo. Di conseguenza, sono emersi problemi abitativi per i residenti che vivono in queste vecchie aree urbane all'interno delle regioni metropolitane, complicando ulteriormente il compito di migliorare il microclima. Molte antiche aree urbane in Cina possiedono un ricco patrimonio culturale e una lunga storia. Tuttavia, l'ambiente di vita in queste aree è peggiorato nel tempo a causa di ristrutturazioni e ricostruzioni architettoniche irrazionali. Per affrontare questi problemi, questo studio utilizza un metodo di ricerca empirica in climatologia urbana per indagare sistematicamente sui meccanismi di adattamento al clima degli spazi urbani nella Cina settentrionale, fornendo preziose intuizioni quantitative. Lo studio esamina ampiamente gli effetti sinergici degli elementi di design morfologico sul microclima, offrendo così una guida essenziale per la progettazione architettonica e urbana. Attualmente, numerosi studiosi nei campi dell'architettura e della climatologia hanno condotto ricerche sulla correlazione tra lo spazio urbano e il microclima urbano a vari livelli. I risultati di questi studi elucidano diverse leggi precedentemente non scoperte riguardanti il microclima, fornendo una base teorica per la progettazione di città e edifici con climi confortevoli. Tuttavia, la maggior parte di questi studi si basa esclusivamente su rilevamenti sul campo e simulazioni software di edifici esistenti, trascurando di esplorare la correlazione storica e di sviluppo tra spazio e microclima. Questo studio si concentra sugli spazi residenziali dei cortili e degli isolati a Xi'an, una città rappresentativa della Cina settentrionale. In primo luogo, esamina i cambiamenti nello spazio urbano risultanti dai fattori di sviluppo storico e culturale. Abbiamo documentato attentamente la storia urbana di Xi'an, che si estende per oltre 3000 anni, in ordine cronologico e selezionato l'area insediativa di Xi'an Hui, abitata principalmente da minoranze etniche, in base al nostro scopo di ricerca. Inoltre, lo studio riassume modelli di evoluzione spaziale a diverse scale, comprese città, isolati e cortili. Il nostro rilevamento sul campo comprende 232 cortili nell'area di studio, esaminando l'orientamento, la disposizione, i cambiamenti spaziali attraverso periodi storici diversi, i modelli di rinnovamento spaziale e la conduzione di simulazioni microclimatiche interne di cortili con caratteristiche diverse. È importante notare che la maggior parte dei casi in questo studio ha una lunga storia. Ad esempio, abbiamo condotto ricerche sull'evoluzione spaziale e sulla correlazione climatica di un cortile con una storia di circa 400 anni, segnando la prima volta che un cortile residenziale con un periodo di tempo superiore a 400 anni è stato utilizzato per la ricerca di simulazione. In secondo luogo, abbiamo misurato il microclima a livello del pedone nello spazio urbano durante l'inverno e l'estate, utilizzando software di simulazione climatica come Envi-met e Scstream. Regolando i parametri di progettazione, abbiamo determinato la correlazione tra vari indicatori di progettazione e il microclima interno ed esterno. In base a diverse scale spaziali e tipologie di edifici, questa ricerca propone strategie di progettazione adattive al clima. Sfruttando dati misurati e analisi di simulazione, questa ricerca simula le variabili di progettazione del modello di controllo della forma spaziale urbana a due scale di progettazione: cortili e isolati. Per quanto riguarda le dimensioni del cortile, lo studio esamina l'impatto degli elementi di progettazione come l'orientamento del cortile, il rapporto di aspetto, l'altezza dell'edificio, i materiali, la profondità e il rapporto finestra-parete sul microclima interno ed esterno dei cortili residenziali. Lo studio rivela che un aumento dell'altezza dell'edificio porta a una diminuzione più significativa della temperatura e della velocità del vento. Inoltre, in condizioni simili, la temperatura negli spazi aperti nord-sud è più alta rispetto agli spazi aperti est-ovest, mentre la velocità del vento negli spazi aperti nord-sud tende generalmente a essere più bassa rispetto agli spazi aperti est-ovest. Tuttavia, è importante notare che questi risultati sono specifici per la posizione di Xi'an e la direzione prevalente del vento da nord-est. Nello studio del microclima a scala di isolato, proponiamo strategie di progettazione adattive al clima adatte a diversi tipi di spazi urbani sulla base di misurazioni effettive e analisi di simulazioni di tre tipi spaziali diversi. Inoltre, lo studio riassume indicatori di progettazione adattiva al clima applicabili alle aree residenziali di grande altezza attraverso l'analisi della correlazione. Sulla base degli indicatori di progettazione adattiva al clima proposti per varie dimensioni e tipologie di spazi urbani in questa ricerca, presentiamo una lista completa di strategie di progettazione architettonica adattive al clima nella sezione finale. Il nostro obiettivo è fornire una guida scientifica per la progettazione urbana e architettonica basata su questi risultati.
Minorities in metropolis : microclimate oriented architectural design
Qian, Zhang
2023
Abstract
Global climate change has led to an increase in extreme weather events, which have a significant impact on human life and health at a large scale. In urban areas, these extreme weather conditions create diverse microclimates due to the variety of urban morphology, thereby affecting human thermal comfort on a micro level. As a result, urban morphology plays a critical role in shaping the urban microclimate. However, mainstream urban and architectural design systems often prioritize rational functionalism, overlooking climate and environmental issues, especially when renovating old urban areas in developing countries. Consequently, housing difficulties have arisen for residents living in these old urban areas within metropolitan regions, further complicating the task of improving the microclimate. Many ancient urban areas in China possess a rich cultural heritage and a long history. Nevertheless, the living environment in these areas has deteriorated over time due to irrational architectural renovation and reconstruction. To address these issues, this study employs an empirical research method in urban climatology to systematically investigate the climate adaptation mechanisms of urban spaces in northern China, providing valuable quantitative insights. The study extensively examines the synergistic effects of morphological design elements on the microclimate, thereby offering essential guidance for architectural and urban design. Currently, numerous scholars in the fields of architecture and climatology have conducted research on the correlation between urban space and urban microclimate at various levels. The findings of these studies elucidate several previously undiscovered laws regarding microclimate, providing a theoretical foundation for designing cities and buildings with comfortable climates. However, most of these studies rely solely on field surveys and software simulations of existing buildings, neglecting to explore the historical and developmental correlation between space and microclimate. This study focuses on residential courtyard spaces and block spaces in Xi'an, a representative city in northern China. Firstly, it examines the changes in urban space resulting from historical and cultural development factors. We have meticulously documented the urban history of Xi'an, spanning over 3000 years, in chronological order and selected the Xi'an Hui settlement area, primarily inhabited by ethnic minorities, based on our research purpose. Additionally, the study summarizes spatial evolution patterns at different scales, including cities, blocks, and courtyards. Our field survey encompasses 232 courtyards in the study area, examining courtyard orientation, layout, spatial changes across different historical periods, spatial renewal models, and conducting internal microclimate simulations of courtyards with various characteristics. It is worth mentioning that the majority of cases in this study possess a long history. For instance, we conducted research on the spatial evolution and climate correlation of a courtyard with a history of approximately 400 years, marking the first time that such a residential courtyard with a time span exceeding 400 years has been utilized for simulation research. Secondly, we measured the microclimate at pedestrian height in urban space during winter and summer, utilizing climate simulation software such as Envi-met and Scstream for simulations. By adjusting design parameters, we determined the correlation between various design indicators and the indoor and outdoor microclimate. Based on different spatial scales and building types, this research proposes climate-adaptive design strategies. Drawing on measured data and simulation analysis, this research simulates the design variables of the urban spatial form control model at two design scales: courtyards and blocks. With regards to courtyard dimensions, the study examines the impact of design elements such as courtyard orientation, aspect ratio, building height, materials, depth, and window-wall ratio on the indoor and outdoor microclimate of residential courtyards. The study reveals that an increase in building height leads to a more significant decrease in temperature and wind speed. Moreover, under similar conditions, the temperature in north-south open spaces is higher compared to east-west open spaces, while the wind speed in north-south open spaces generally tends to be lower than in east-west open spaces. However, it is important to note that these findings are specific to the location of Xi'an and the prevailing wind direction of North-East. In the study of microclimate at the block scale, we propose climate-adaptive design strategies suitable for different types of urban spaces based on actual measurements and simulation analyses of three different spatial types. Additionally, the study summarizes climate-adaptive building design indicators applicable to high-rise residential areas through correlation analysis. Building upon the climate-adaptive design indicators proposed for various sizes and types of urban spaces in this research, we present a comprehensive list of climate-adaptive architectural design strategies in the final section. Our objective is to provide scientific guidance for urban and architectural design based on these findings.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14242/205208
URN:NBN:IT:POLIMI-205208