The role of enzymatic catalysis has grown significantly in recent years due to the increasing demand for more sustainable synthetic routes to produce enantiomerically pure products, particularly in pharmaceuticals, bio-based polymers, flavors, and fragrances. Biocatalysis consists of using biological catalysts, such as isolated enzymes or microorganisms, to promote chemical reactions. The aim of my research project is to apply enzymatic catalysis for the stereoselective synthesis of enantiopure compounds, focusing on chiral flavors and fragrances. Enzymes are crucial in organic synthesis due to their ability to operate under mild conditions, reducing the need for toxix and nocive catalysts and extreme reaction conditions (temperature and pressure), thereby enhancing safety and minimizing environmental impact. Their chiral selectivity allows for stereoselective transformations that can be challenging or impossible with conventional methods. This makes enzymes invaluable for producing enantiopure compounds, which are crucial in pharmaceuticals and specialty chemicals. Through enzymatic processes, this work has the potential to significantly enhance the sustainability of manufacturing methods. Specifically, the present research work has been focused on three main topics: •Chapter 1 reports a new colorimetric assay for the detection of alcohol dehydrogenases (ADHs) activity and stereoselectivity. A significant challenge is understanding the activity and stereoselectivity of ADHs, as current methods for determining stereochemical absolute configurations are tedious and time-consuming. The goal is to create a colorimetric assay using resorufin dye, which changes color during enzyme-catalyzed biotransformation, enabling the detection of ADHs activity and stereoselectivity by naked eye; •Chapter 2 describes a stereoselective synthesis of sandalwood fragrances. The asymmetric synthesis of fragrances such as Brahmanol®, Firmantol®, Sandalore® and Ebanol® were performed using biocatalytic reductions with ene-reductases (ERs) and alcohol dehydrogenases (ADHs), replacing traditional, less sustainable hydrogenation techniques; •Chapter 3 reports the desaturation of gamma-lactones catalyzed by Rhodococcus erythropolis: an extraordinary enantio- and chemoconvergent synthetic pathway. A biocatalytic desaturation of gamma-lactone structures was successfully carried out using Rhodococcus bacteria, to obtain the corresponding dehydrogenated and enantiomerically enriched compounds.
Il ruolo della catalisi enzimatica è cresciuto significativamente negli ultimi anni a causa della crescente domanda di vie sintetiche più sostenibili per produrre prodotti enantiomericamente puri, in particolare nei settori farmaceutico, dei polimeri bio-based, degli aromi e delle fragranze. La biocatalisi consiste nell’utilizzo di catalizzatori biologici, come enzimi isolati o microrganismi, per promuovere reazioni chimiche. L’obiettivo del mio progetto di ricerca è applicare la catalisi enzimatica per la sintesi stereoselettiva di composti enantiopuri, con un focus sugli aromi e le fragranze chirali. Gli enzimi sono fondamentali nella sintesi organica grazie alla loro capacità di operare in condizioni dolci, riducendo la necessità di catalizzatori tossici e nocivi e condizioni reattive estreme (temperatura e pressione), migliorando così la sicurezza e riducendo l’impatto ambientale. La loro selettività chirale consente trasformazioni stereoselettive che potrebbero essere difficili o impossibili con i metodi convenzionali. Questo rende gli enzimi indispensabili per la produzione di composti enantiopuri, cruciali nei settori farmaceutico e delle specialità chimiche. Attraverso processi enzimatici, questo lavoro ha il potenziale di migliorare significativamente la sostenibilità dei metodi di produzione. In particolare, la presente ricerca si è concentrata su tre temi principali: •Capitolo 1 riporta un nuovo saggio colorimetrico per il rilevamento dell’attività e della stereoselettività delle alcol deidrogenasi (ADH). Una sfida significativa è comprendere l’attività e la stereoselettività delle ADH, poiché i metodi attuali per determinare le configurazioni assolute stereochimiche sono lunghi e dispendiosi. L’obiettivo è creare un saggio colorimetrico utilizzando il colorante resorufina, che cambia colore durante la biotrasformazione catalizzata dall’enzima, consentendo di rilevare l’attività e la stereoselettività delle ADH ad occhio nudo; •Capitolo 2 descrive una sintesi stereoselettiva di fragranze di sandalo. La sintesi asimmetrica di fragranze come Brahmanol®, Firmantol®, Sandalore® ed Ebanol® è stata effettuata mediante riduzioni biocatalitiche con ene-reduttasi (ER) e alcol deidrogenasi (ADH), sostituendo le tradizionali tecniche di idrogenazione meno sostenibili; •Capitolo 3 riporta la desaturazione di gamma-lattoni catalizzata da Rhodococcus erythropolis: una straordinaria via sintetica enantio e chemoconvergente. Una desaturazione biocatalitica di strutture di gamma-lattone è stata condotta con successo utilizzando il batterio Rhodococcus, per ottenere i corrispondenti composti deidrogenati e arricchiti enantiomericamente.
Exploitation of biocatalytic methods for the asymmetric synthesis of flavour and fragrances
MARIA CRISTINA, CANCELLIERI
2025
Abstract
The role of enzymatic catalysis has grown significantly in recent years due to the increasing demand for more sustainable synthetic routes to produce enantiomerically pure products, particularly in pharmaceuticals, bio-based polymers, flavors, and fragrances. Biocatalysis consists of using biological catalysts, such as isolated enzymes or microorganisms, to promote chemical reactions. The aim of my research project is to apply enzymatic catalysis for the stereoselective synthesis of enantiopure compounds, focusing on chiral flavors and fragrances. Enzymes are crucial in organic synthesis due to their ability to operate under mild conditions, reducing the need for toxix and nocive catalysts and extreme reaction conditions (temperature and pressure), thereby enhancing safety and minimizing environmental impact. Their chiral selectivity allows for stereoselective transformations that can be challenging or impossible with conventional methods. This makes enzymes invaluable for producing enantiopure compounds, which are crucial in pharmaceuticals and specialty chemicals. Through enzymatic processes, this work has the potential to significantly enhance the sustainability of manufacturing methods. Specifically, the present research work has been focused on three main topics: •Chapter 1 reports a new colorimetric assay for the detection of alcohol dehydrogenases (ADHs) activity and stereoselectivity. A significant challenge is understanding the activity and stereoselectivity of ADHs, as current methods for determining stereochemical absolute configurations are tedious and time-consuming. The goal is to create a colorimetric assay using resorufin dye, which changes color during enzyme-catalyzed biotransformation, enabling the detection of ADHs activity and stereoselectivity by naked eye; •Chapter 2 describes a stereoselective synthesis of sandalwood fragrances. The asymmetric synthesis of fragrances such as Brahmanol®, Firmantol®, Sandalore® and Ebanol® were performed using biocatalytic reductions with ene-reductases (ERs) and alcohol dehydrogenases (ADHs), replacing traditional, less sustainable hydrogenation techniques; •Chapter 3 reports the desaturation of gamma-lactones catalyzed by Rhodococcus erythropolis: an extraordinary enantio- and chemoconvergent synthetic pathway. A biocatalytic desaturation of gamma-lactone structures was successfully carried out using Rhodococcus bacteria, to obtain the corresponding dehydrogenated and enantiomerically enriched compounds.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14242/207542
URN:NBN:IT:POLIMI-207542