In an economic environment marked by recurring crises and growing instability, the ability to innovate and adapt has become crucial for business survival and competitiveness. Although the literature has traditionally focused on large corporations, less consolidated entities such as start-ups offer particularly valuable insights due to their inherent characteristics, including dynamism, strategic agility, and a strong propensity for change. Within this context, the present thesis explores the role of start-ups in driving innovation under conditions of environmental turbulence. The main objective is to understand how start-ups respond to crises through strategic change, with particular attention to the phenomenon of pivot, understood as a deliberate shift in a company’s business model aimed at redefining its strategic direction. The theoretical framework developed in this thesis integrates the literature on pivoting processes with approaches such as the Lean Startup and Effectuation theory. In particular, it offers a dynamic and process-oriented interpretation of entrepreneurial behaviour under uncertainty by innovatively analysing the conceptual transition of pivoting—from an operational tool within the Lean Startup framework to more adaptive and flexible logic typical of Effectuation. This perspective is further enriched by the contribution of sense-making theory, which frames pivoting as a cognitive and socially embedded process of interpretation and reorientation. The methodology of the empirical analyses is qualitative. The thesis is structured into three studies. The first one consists of a systematic literature review that, through bibliometric tools such as Bibliometrix and VOSviewer, combined with qualitative analysis, reconstructs the conceptual evolution of pivoting in the post-COVID-19 period. The second study draws on semi-structured interviews to investigate pivoting dynamics in Italian start-ups during the pandemic. The third explores sense-making processes related to exogenous events, using axial coding of interviews and triangulation with secondary sources. Findings show that pivoting in response to exogenous shocks is not solely the result of internal experimentation but rather a complex process driven by stakeholder engagement, a combination of causal and effectual reasoning, and influenced by both cognitive and emotional factors. This thesis contributes to the literature on strategic change in crisis contexts, offering theoretical insights into pivoting mechanisms, along with practical implications for policymakers, incubators, and entrepreneurs seeking to develop resilience and adaptive capacity.
In un contesto economico segnato da crisi ricorrenti e crescente instabilità, la capacità di innovare e adattarsi ai cambiamenti rappresenta un fattore cruciale per la sopravvivenza e la competitività delle imprese. Sebbene la letteratura si sia tradizionalmente concentrata sulle grandi aziende, realtà meno consolidate come le start-up sono particolarmente interessanti, grazie a caratteristiche intrinseche quali dinamismo, agilità strategica e una spiccata propensione al cambiamento. In questo scenario, la presente tesi esplora il ruolo delle start-up nel guidare l’innovazione in contesti di turbolenza ambientale. L’obiettivo principale è comprendere come le start-up reagiscano alle crisi attraverso il cambiamento strategico, con particolare attenzione al fenomeno del pivot, inteso come un cambio di direzione nel modello di business. Il quadro teorico integra la letteratura sui processi di pivot con approcci quali la Lean Startup e la teoria dell’Effectuation. In particolare, si propone una lettura dinamica e processuale del comportamento imprenditoriale in condizioni di incertezza, analizzando in modo innovativo la transizione del pivoting da concetto operativo tipico della Lean Startup a logiche più adattive e flessibili proprie dell’Effectuation Theory. Questa prospettiva è ulteriormente approfondita attraverso il contributo della Sense-making Theory, che consente di interpretare il pivot come un processo cognitivo e socialmente situato. La metodologia adottata per le analisi empiriche è qualitativa. La tesi si articola in tre studi . Il primo consiste in una rassegna sistematica della letteratura che, mediante strumenti bibliometrici come Bibliometrix e VOSviewer, integrati da analisi qualitative, ricostruisce l’evoluzione del concetto di pivot nel periodo post-COVID-19. Il secondo studio approfondisce, attraverso interviste semi-strutturate, le dinamiche di pivoting nelle start-up italiane durante la pandemia. Il terzo analizza i processi di costruzione di senso legati a eventi esogeni, facendo ricorso alla codifica assiale delle interviste e alla triangolazione con fonti secondarie. I risultati evidenziano come, in risposta a eventi esogeni, il pivoting non derivi soltanto da sperimentazione interna, ma si configuri come un processo complesso, guidato dal coinvolgimento degli stakeholder, da logiche sia causali sia adattive, e influenzato da fattori cognitivi ed emotivi. La tesi contribuisce così alla letteratura sul cambiamento strategico in contesti di crisi, offrendo implicazioni teoriche sui meccanismi del pivoting e indicazioni pratiche per policy-maker, incubatori e imprenditori interessati a sviluppare capacità di resilienza e adattamento.
PIVOTING STRATEGIES IN TURBULENT ENVIRONMENTS: HOW STARTUPS' FOUNDERS NAVIGATE DISRUPTIONS
Giansoldati, Enrico
2025
Abstract
In an economic environment marked by recurring crises and growing instability, the ability to innovate and adapt has become crucial for business survival and competitiveness. Although the literature has traditionally focused on large corporations, less consolidated entities such as start-ups offer particularly valuable insights due to their inherent characteristics, including dynamism, strategic agility, and a strong propensity for change. Within this context, the present thesis explores the role of start-ups in driving innovation under conditions of environmental turbulence. The main objective is to understand how start-ups respond to crises through strategic change, with particular attention to the phenomenon of pivot, understood as a deliberate shift in a company’s business model aimed at redefining its strategic direction. The theoretical framework developed in this thesis integrates the literature on pivoting processes with approaches such as the Lean Startup and Effectuation theory. In particular, it offers a dynamic and process-oriented interpretation of entrepreneurial behaviour under uncertainty by innovatively analysing the conceptual transition of pivoting—from an operational tool within the Lean Startup framework to more adaptive and flexible logic typical of Effectuation. This perspective is further enriched by the contribution of sense-making theory, which frames pivoting as a cognitive and socially embedded process of interpretation and reorientation. The methodology of the empirical analyses is qualitative. The thesis is structured into three studies. The first one consists of a systematic literature review that, through bibliometric tools such as Bibliometrix and VOSviewer, combined with qualitative analysis, reconstructs the conceptual evolution of pivoting in the post-COVID-19 period. The second study draws on semi-structured interviews to investigate pivoting dynamics in Italian start-ups during the pandemic. The third explores sense-making processes related to exogenous events, using axial coding of interviews and triangulation with secondary sources. Findings show that pivoting in response to exogenous shocks is not solely the result of internal experimentation but rather a complex process driven by stakeholder engagement, a combination of causal and effectual reasoning, and influenced by both cognitive and emotional factors. This thesis contributes to the literature on strategic change in crisis contexts, offering theoretical insights into pivoting mechanisms, along with practical implications for policymakers, incubators, and entrepreneurs seeking to develop resilience and adaptive capacity.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14242/209686
URN:NBN:IT:UNICATT-209686