This PhD research is structured around the critical issues the food sector has faced in recent decades. Consumers'priorities have changed considerably in terms of sustainable, beneficial, and natural compounds in food formulations. On the other hand, increased demand of food, due to the world population increase, has led to the production of huge amounts of waste and by-products along the food chain that are causing worrying environmental pollution. In this era of challenges and opportunities, food by-products could be the winning key to meeting consumer and environmental needs. The PhD project aimed to give new life to by-products derived from coffee and citrus industrial processes already recognized as a source of countless bioactive and functional compounds. The milestone of this research was to highlight the innovative use of agro-industrial by-products to improve food quality and safety and to offer new solutions in the food sector. In Chapter 2, conventional (maceration) and innovative (ultrasound-assisted) extraction techniques were compared, as well as the variables that support the extraction process (time, temperature, and solvent ratio) to determine the optimal condition to recover bioactive compounds from coffee roasting by-product (coffee silverskin). The experimental data showed that the best coffee silverskin extract (CSE) was obtained by maceration with a hydroalcoholic solvent of ethanol-water (30:70), for 60 minutes at 60 °C. CSE showed a higher content of phenolic compounds (44.15 mg GAE g-1), flavonoids (32.36 mg ECE g-1), chlorogenic acid (3.34 mg g-1) and caffeic acid (1.37 mg g-1) to which was associated a high 1 antioxidant activity for the DPPH (33.62 µM TEg-1) and ABTS (98.13 µM TEg-1) assays. In Chapter 3, different percentages of CSE (5% and 10%) were used in the formulation of dipping treatments to delay the quality decay (browning, loss of firmness, loss of aroma, and valuable chemical compounds) of fresh-cut fennel during 14 days of storage at 4°C. The use of CSE in the dipping of fresh-cut fennel processing permitted an increase in the phenolic acids (chlorogenic and caffeic acids) for up to 14 days with good sensory acceptability and physico-chemical and microbiological characteristics, compared to fennel subjected to conventional dipping treatments (ascorbic acid). In Chapter 4, the influence of different concentrations of CSE (1%, 2%, and 4%) was evaluated on chemical, physical, microbiological, structural, and sensory gummy candies characteristics for 120 storage days. The results up to 120 days of storage revealed the higher quality of gummy candies enriched with 1%, 2%, and 4% CSE not only for their bioactive content compounds but also for their antioxidant activity. Moreover, all the candies enriched showed better physical and sensory characteristics compared to the control taste. In Chapter 5, the by-products of the lemons process (Lemon pomace) are tested to encourage the transition to the circular economy of the citrus industry. In particular, the aim was to test the efficiency of antioxidant extracts obtained from lemon pomace (LPE) for the formulation of edible coatings alginate-based. The enriched edible coating formulated were applied on a new form of ready-to-eat citrus fruits that were ready-to-eat Clementine segments. As clementine segments were a new food not yet treated in the present scientific literature, the experimental 2 plan included a preliminary step (section 5.1) to test the efficiency of edible coatings replacing the conventional storage conditions (MAP, modified atmosphere packaging) in the storage of ready-to-eat citrus fruits. In section 5.1 it was found that edible alginate-based coatings can improve the preservation of ready-to-eat clementines up to 21 days of storage at 4°C and under constant lighting while maintaining a good level of nutritional compounds (flavonoids and ascorbic acid) as well as firmness and sensory attributes better than normal atmosphere and MAP. In section 5.2 LPE at different percentages was evaluated as an antioxidant and antimicrobial agent to be inserted into edible coatings alginate-based. The synergistic action between the alginate-based coating and LPE allowed us to preserve the chemical, physical, microbiological, and safety parameters by revealing a dose-dependent effect for organic acids, flavonoids, and microbial growth during the 21 days of storage at 4 °C. The results obtained in this research indicated that coffee and citrus fruit by products are valuable sources of bioactive compounds that improve the chemical, physical, sensory, and microbiological characteristics of various food categories. The eco-friendly use of by-products, as proposed in this study, can be considered a starting point for further research focused to converting food by-products, from problems to resources, in the food sector.
Questa ricerca di Dottorato si articola intorno alle criticità che il settore alimentare ha dovuto affrontare negli ultimi decenni. Le priorità dei consumatori si sono spostate verso alimenti formulati con composti sostenibili, benefici e naturali. Inoltre, l'aumento della domanda di cibo, dovuto all'aumento della popolazione mondiale, ha portato alla produzione di enormi quantità di rifiuti e sottoprodotti alimentari ai quali è connesso un preoccupante aumento di inquinamento ambientale. In quest'era di sfide e opportunità, i sottoprodotti alimentari potrebbero essere la chiave vincente per soddisfare le esigenze dei consumatori e dell'ambiente. L’obiettivo di questo progetto di Dottorato è stato dare nuova vita ai sottoprodotti derivanti da lavorazioni industriali di chicchi di caffè e agrumi, già riconosciuti come fonte di innumerevoli composti bioattivi e funzionali. Il caposaldo di questa ricerca è stato mettere in evidenza come l'uso innovativo dei sottoprodotti agroindustriali può migliorare la qualità e la sicurezza degli alimenti e offrire nuove soluzioni al settore alimentare. Nel capitolo 2 sono state confrontate le tecniche di estrazione convenzionali (macerazione) e innovative (ultrasuoni assistiti), nonché le variabili che supportano il processo di estrazione (tempo, temperatura e rapporto solvente) al fine di determinare le condizioni ottimali per il recupero di composti bioattivi dal sottoprodotto della tostatura del caffè (Coffee Silverskin). I dati sperimentali mostravano che il miglior estratto coffee silverskin (CSE) era stato ottenuto mediante macerazione, per 60 minuti a 60 °C, con un solvente idroalcolico composto da etanolo-acqua (30:70) . CSE ha mostrato un contenuto elevato di composti fenolici (44,15 mg GAE g-1), flavonoidi (32,36 mg ECE g-1), acido 4 clorogenico (3,34 mg g-1) e acido caffeico (1,37 mg g-1) a cui è stata associata spiccata attività antiossidante per i saggi DPPH (33,62 μM TEg-1) e l'ABTS (98,13 μM TEg-1). Nel capitolo 3, differenti percentuali di CSE (5% e 10%) sono state utilizzate per la formulazione di trattamenti di immersione atti a rallentare il decadimento qualitativo ad esso associato (doratura, perdita di compattezza, perdita di aroma e composti chimici preziosi) di finocchio di IV gamma durante 14 giorni di conservazione a 4°C. L'immersione dei finocchi nei trattamenti contenenti CSE ha permesso un aumento del contenuto fenolico (acido clorogenico e caffeico) fino a 14 giorni, buona accettabilità sensoriale e caratteristiche chimiche, fisiche e microbiologiche migliori rispetto a finocchi sottoposti a convenzionali trattamenti di dipping (acido ascorbico). Nel capitolo 4, è stata valutata l'influenza di diverse concentrazioni di CSE (1%, 2% e 4%) sulle caratteristiche chimiche, fisiche, microbiologiche, strutturali e sensoriali di caramelle gommose per 120 giorni di stoccaggio. I risultati fino a 120 giorni di conservazione hanno rivelato la maggiore qualità delle caramelle gommose arricchite con l'1%, 2% e 4% di CSE non solo per il loro contenuto di composti bioattivi ma anche per la loro attività antiossidante. Inoltre, tutte le caramelle arricchite con CSE hanno mostrato migliori caratteristiche fisiche e sensoriali rispetto al test di controllo. Nel capitolo 5, i sottoprodotti del processo di trasformazione industriale dei limoni (pastazzo di limone) sono testati per favorire la transizione verso l'economia circolare del settore agrumario. In particolare, l'obiettivo era quello di testare l'efficacia degli estratti antiossidanti ottenuti da pastazzo di limone (LPE) per la 5 formulazione di rivestimenti edibili a base di alginato di sodio. I rivestimenti edibili arricchiti sono stati applicati su una nuova forma di agrumi pronti al consumo ovvero spicchi di Clementine ready-to-eat. Poiché gli spicchi di clementine erano un nuovo alimento, non ancora trattato in letteratura scientifica attuale, il piano sperimentale comprendeva una fase preliminare (sezione 5.1) per testare l'efficienza dei rivestimenti edibili come sostituti di condizioni di stoccaggio convenzionali (MAP, confezionamento in atmosfera modificata). Nella sezione 5.1 è stato rilevato che i rivestimenti edibili a base di alginato miglioravano la conservazione degli spicchi di clementine ready-to-eat fino a 21 giorni di conservazione a 4 °C e sotto illuminazione costante, mantenendo un buon livello di composti nutrizionali (flavonoidi e acido ascorbico), firmness e attributi sensoriali in maniera più efficiente rispetto al confezionamento in atmosfera normale e alla MAP. Nella sezione 5.2 è stato testato l’aggiunta di LPE, a diverse percentuali, come agente antiossidante e antimicrobico in rivestimenti edibili a base di alginato di sodio. L'azione sinergica tra il rivestimento edibile a base alginato e l'LPE ha permesso di preservare i parametri chimici, fisici, microbiologici e sensoriali rivelando un effetto dose-dipendente per acidi organici, flavonoidi e crescita microbica durante i 21 giorni di conservazione a 4 °C. I risultati ottenuti in questo lavoro di ricerca indicavano che i sottoprodotti derivanti da lavorazioni industriali di caffè e agrumi, sono preziosi per l’ottenimento di composti bioattivi, atti a migliorare le caratteristiche chimiche, fisiche, sensoriali e microbiologiche di varie categorie di alimenti. L’uso sostenibile dei sottoprodotti, come proposto in questo studio, può essere considerato un punto 6 di partenza per ulteriori ricerche volte sulla conversione dei sottoprodotti alimentari, da problemi a risorse, nel settore alimentare.
BY-PRODUCTS FROM THE AGRI-FOOD INDUSTRIAL SECTOR: RESOURCE OR WASTE? An eco-friendly utilization to preserve the quality of food
BONINSEGNA, MIRIAM ARIANNA
2025
Abstract
This PhD research is structured around the critical issues the food sector has faced in recent decades. Consumers'priorities have changed considerably in terms of sustainable, beneficial, and natural compounds in food formulations. On the other hand, increased demand of food, due to the world population increase, has led to the production of huge amounts of waste and by-products along the food chain that are causing worrying environmental pollution. In this era of challenges and opportunities, food by-products could be the winning key to meeting consumer and environmental needs. The PhD project aimed to give new life to by-products derived from coffee and citrus industrial processes already recognized as a source of countless bioactive and functional compounds. The milestone of this research was to highlight the innovative use of agro-industrial by-products to improve food quality and safety and to offer new solutions in the food sector. In Chapter 2, conventional (maceration) and innovative (ultrasound-assisted) extraction techniques were compared, as well as the variables that support the extraction process (time, temperature, and solvent ratio) to determine the optimal condition to recover bioactive compounds from coffee roasting by-product (coffee silverskin). The experimental data showed that the best coffee silverskin extract (CSE) was obtained by maceration with a hydroalcoholic solvent of ethanol-water (30:70), for 60 minutes at 60 °C. CSE showed a higher content of phenolic compounds (44.15 mg GAE g-1), flavonoids (32.36 mg ECE g-1), chlorogenic acid (3.34 mg g-1) and caffeic acid (1.37 mg g-1) to which was associated a high 1 antioxidant activity for the DPPH (33.62 µM TEg-1) and ABTS (98.13 µM TEg-1) assays. In Chapter 3, different percentages of CSE (5% and 10%) were used in the formulation of dipping treatments to delay the quality decay (browning, loss of firmness, loss of aroma, and valuable chemical compounds) of fresh-cut fennel during 14 days of storage at 4°C. The use of CSE in the dipping of fresh-cut fennel processing permitted an increase in the phenolic acids (chlorogenic and caffeic acids) for up to 14 days with good sensory acceptability and physico-chemical and microbiological characteristics, compared to fennel subjected to conventional dipping treatments (ascorbic acid). In Chapter 4, the influence of different concentrations of CSE (1%, 2%, and 4%) was evaluated on chemical, physical, microbiological, structural, and sensory gummy candies characteristics for 120 storage days. The results up to 120 days of storage revealed the higher quality of gummy candies enriched with 1%, 2%, and 4% CSE not only for their bioactive content compounds but also for their antioxidant activity. Moreover, all the candies enriched showed better physical and sensory characteristics compared to the control taste. In Chapter 5, the by-products of the lemons process (Lemon pomace) are tested to encourage the transition to the circular economy of the citrus industry. In particular, the aim was to test the efficiency of antioxidant extracts obtained from lemon pomace (LPE) for the formulation of edible coatings alginate-based. The enriched edible coating formulated were applied on a new form of ready-to-eat citrus fruits that were ready-to-eat Clementine segments. As clementine segments were a new food not yet treated in the present scientific literature, the experimental 2 plan included a preliminary step (section 5.1) to test the efficiency of edible coatings replacing the conventional storage conditions (MAP, modified atmosphere packaging) in the storage of ready-to-eat citrus fruits. In section 5.1 it was found that edible alginate-based coatings can improve the preservation of ready-to-eat clementines up to 21 days of storage at 4°C and under constant lighting while maintaining a good level of nutritional compounds (flavonoids and ascorbic acid) as well as firmness and sensory attributes better than normal atmosphere and MAP. In section 5.2 LPE at different percentages was evaluated as an antioxidant and antimicrobial agent to be inserted into edible coatings alginate-based. The synergistic action between the alginate-based coating and LPE allowed us to preserve the chemical, physical, microbiological, and safety parameters by revealing a dose-dependent effect for organic acids, flavonoids, and microbial growth during the 21 days of storage at 4 °C. The results obtained in this research indicated that coffee and citrus fruit by products are valuable sources of bioactive compounds that improve the chemical, physical, sensory, and microbiological characteristics of various food categories. The eco-friendly use of by-products, as proposed in this study, can be considered a starting point for further research focused to converting food by-products, from problems to resources, in the food sector.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14242/210489
URN:NBN:IT:UNIRC-210489