The global ecological crisis, manifested by the dramatic loss of biodiversity and progressive soil degradation, imposes urgent and global challenges, with a particularly relevant impact in Calabria, where agriculture is a fundamental pillar of the economy. In this scenario, the management of agro-industrial waste, such as citrus pulp and olive pomace, together with industrial waste, including Sulphur from oil gas desulphurization, contributes to amplifying environmental pressure, further complicating the sustainability of the local production cycle. This study proposes an innovative approach that applies the principles of the circular economy, in line with Directive 2008/98/EC and EEC Regulation 2092/91, by transforming this waste into environmentally sustainable fertilizers, aligning with the European Green Deal and Farm to Fork strategy objectives to reduce the use of chemical fertilizers and promote recycled resources. The eco-sustainable fertilizers developed were tested and compared with synthetic (NPK) and commercial organic fertilizers typically used by local producers, on typical soils of the Grecanica area (Calabria) and on horticultural crops, such as Solanum lycopersicum L. (tomato), Allium sativum L. (garlic), and tree crops such as Corylus avellana L. (hazelnut). The results on soil fertility showed that eco-fertilizers were highly effective in counteracting soil degradation, generating a significant improvement in aggregate stability and chemical- biological soil properties. An increase in microbial biomass carbon was observed, along with an enhancement of key enzymes for organic matter decomposition, nutrient cycling and overall soil health. These effects far exceeded the performance of commercial synthetic and organic fertilizers. The eco-friendly fertilizers developed also stimulated an increase in microbial biodiversity in the rhizosphere, enriching the soil with beneficial fungi and bacteria essential for nutrient cycling, organic matter decomposition and natural plant defense. Regarding crop quality, eco-sustainable fertilizers have shown superior performance compared to commercial synthetic and organic fertilizers, not only in improving yield, but also in enhancing the nutritional and organoleptic quality of products. Indeed, there was a significant increase in the levels of antioxidants, bioactive compounds and vitamins, crucial factors in improving competitiveness and ensuring the sustainability of local production. In terms of environmental sustainability, assessed according to the life cycle approach (LCA) in accordance with ISO 14044 and ISO 14046, these innovative fertilizers showed a lower carbon and water footprint than conventional synthetic and organic fertilizers, both at the production stage and during application to the soil, with reductions in direct and indirect climate-altering gas emissions. In conclusion, the valorization of agro-industrial wastes as environmentally sustainable fertilizers represents a replicable, low-impact strategy to combat soil degradation and biodiversity loss. This approach is in line with European sustainability regulations and favors the transition to more efficient and environmentally friendly agricultural practices
La crisi ecologica globale, manifestata dalla drammatica perdita di biodiversità e dal progressivo degrado del suolo, impone sfide urgenti e globali, con un impatto particolarmente rilevante in Calabria, dove l'agricoltura rappresenta un pilastro fondamentale dell'economia. In questo scenario, la gestione degli scarti agro- industriali, come il pastazzo di agrumi e la sansa di olive, insieme ai rifiuti industriali, tra cui lo zolfo proveniente dalla desolforazione dei gas del petrolio, contribuisce ad amplificare la pressione ambientale, complicando ulteriormente la sostenibilità del ciclo produttivo locale. Questo studio propone un approccio innovativo che applica i principi dell'economia circolare, in linea con la Direttiva 2008/98/CE e il Regolamento CEE 2092/91, trasformando tali rifiuti in fertilizzanti ecosostenibili, allineandosi agli obiettivi europei del Green Deal e della strategia Farm to Fork, volti a ridurre l’uso di fertilizzanti chimici e promuovere risorse riciclate. I fertilizzanti ecosostenibili sviluppati sono stati testati e confrontati con fertilizzanti di sintesi (NPK) e organici commerciali tipicamente utilizzati dai produttori locali, su suoli tipici dell'area Grecanica (Calabria) e su colture orticole, come Solanum lycopersicum L. (pomodoro), Allium sativum L. (aglio), e colture arboree come Corylus avellana L. (nocciolo). I risultati sulla fertilità del suolo hanno evidenziato che i fertilizzanti ecosostenibili sono stati altamente efficaci nel contrastare il degrado del suolo, generando un significativo miglioramento nella stabilità degli aggregati e nelle proprietà chimico-biologiche del suolo. È stato osservato un aumento del carbonio nella biomassa microbica, insieme a un potenziamento degli enzimi chiave per la decomposizione della materia organica, la ciclicità dei nutrienti e la salute complessiva del suolo. Questi effetti hanno superato di gran lunga le performance dei fertilizzanti sintetici e organici commerciali. I fertilizzanti ecosostenibili sviluppati hanno inoltre stimolato un aumento della biodiversità microbica nella rizosfera, arricchendo il suolo di funghi e batteri benefici essenziali per il ciclo dei nutrienti, la decomposizione della materia organica e la difesa naturale delle piante. Per quanto riguarda la qualità delle colture, i fertilizzanti ecosostenibili hanno mostrato una performance superiore rispetto ai fertilizzanti sintetici e organici commerciali, non solo nel migliorare la resa, ma anche nel potenziare la qualità nutrizionale e organolettica dei prodotti. Si è infatti registrato un incremento significativo dei livelli di antiossidanti, composti bioattivi e vitamine, fattori cruciali per migliorare la competitività e garantire la sostenibilità delle produzioni locali. In termini di sostenibilità ambientale, valutata secondo l’approccio del ciclo di vita (LCA) in conformità con le norme ISO 14044 e ISO 14046, questi innovativi fertilizzanti hanno evidenziato un’impronta di carbonio e idrica inferiore rispetto ai fertilizzanti sintetici e organici convenzionali, sia nella fase di produzione che durante l’applicazione al suolo, con riduzioni delle emissioni dirette e indirette di gas clima-alteranti. In conclusione, la valorizzazione dei rifiuti agroindustriali come fertilizzanti ecosostenibili rappresenta una strategia replicabile e a basso impatto per combattere il degrado del suolo e la perdita di biodiversità. Questo approccio è in linea con le normative europee sulla sostenibilità e favorisce la transizione verso pratiche agricole più efficienti e rispettose dell'ambiente
PRODUCTION OF ENVIRONMENTALLY SUSTAINABLE FERTILIZERS FROM AGRO-INDUSTRIAL WASTES FOR THE REHABILITATION OF DEGRADED AREAS AND BIODIVERSITY PROTECTION
MAFFIA, ANGELA
2025
Abstract
The global ecological crisis, manifested by the dramatic loss of biodiversity and progressive soil degradation, imposes urgent and global challenges, with a particularly relevant impact in Calabria, where agriculture is a fundamental pillar of the economy. In this scenario, the management of agro-industrial waste, such as citrus pulp and olive pomace, together with industrial waste, including Sulphur from oil gas desulphurization, contributes to amplifying environmental pressure, further complicating the sustainability of the local production cycle. This study proposes an innovative approach that applies the principles of the circular economy, in line with Directive 2008/98/EC and EEC Regulation 2092/91, by transforming this waste into environmentally sustainable fertilizers, aligning with the European Green Deal and Farm to Fork strategy objectives to reduce the use of chemical fertilizers and promote recycled resources. The eco-sustainable fertilizers developed were tested and compared with synthetic (NPK) and commercial organic fertilizers typically used by local producers, on typical soils of the Grecanica area (Calabria) and on horticultural crops, such as Solanum lycopersicum L. (tomato), Allium sativum L. (garlic), and tree crops such as Corylus avellana L. (hazelnut). The results on soil fertility showed that eco-fertilizers were highly effective in counteracting soil degradation, generating a significant improvement in aggregate stability and chemical- biological soil properties. An increase in microbial biomass carbon was observed, along with an enhancement of key enzymes for organic matter decomposition, nutrient cycling and overall soil health. These effects far exceeded the performance of commercial synthetic and organic fertilizers. The eco-friendly fertilizers developed also stimulated an increase in microbial biodiversity in the rhizosphere, enriching the soil with beneficial fungi and bacteria essential for nutrient cycling, organic matter decomposition and natural plant defense. Regarding crop quality, eco-sustainable fertilizers have shown superior performance compared to commercial synthetic and organic fertilizers, not only in improving yield, but also in enhancing the nutritional and organoleptic quality of products. Indeed, there was a significant increase in the levels of antioxidants, bioactive compounds and vitamins, crucial factors in improving competitiveness and ensuring the sustainability of local production. In terms of environmental sustainability, assessed according to the life cycle approach (LCA) in accordance with ISO 14044 and ISO 14046, these innovative fertilizers showed a lower carbon and water footprint than conventional synthetic and organic fertilizers, both at the production stage and during application to the soil, with reductions in direct and indirect climate-altering gas emissions. In conclusion, the valorization of agro-industrial wastes as environmentally sustainable fertilizers represents a replicable, low-impact strategy to combat soil degradation and biodiversity loss. This approach is in line with European sustainability regulations and favors the transition to more efficient and environmentally friendly agricultural practicesFile | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14242/210568
URN:NBN:IT:UNIRC-210568