From an economic point of view, the horticultural sector has a significant impact globally, in fact, according to FAOSTAT data of 2021, the value of horticultural production is around USD 1.1 trillion per year with a production of about 1.1 billion tons. Despite its economic potential, the horticultural sector faces numerous challenges, including price volatility due to climatic factors, pests and diseases. Increasing temperatures, irregular rainfall and extreme weather events are changing the growing conditions of crops, altering growth cycles, affecting yields and favoring the spread of pests and diseases. Pests and plant diseases are a major threat to horticultural production, and their impact can lead to crop losses of 20-50% or even 100%, depending on the type of pest and level of infestation. Even the slightest infestation can compromise the visual and nutritional quality of the products, making them less attractive to consumers and lowering the market price. Pest management is a critical aspect of modern agriculture, requiring substantial investments in pesticides, monitoring technologies, and agronomic interventions to ensure crop health and productivity. The indiscriminate and intensive use of synthetic insecticides entails environmental risks, such as soil and water pollution, risks to human health and to non-target insects. The control of phytophagous insects is also particularly complex due to the limitations on the use of synthetic chemical insecticides and the development of resistance to the few active ingredients currently allowed, which render chemical treatments ineffective. In fact, over the last 30 years, the world of chemical insecticides globally has undergone radical changes both in terms of the types of substances used and in terms of regulations leading to the introduction of sustainable management practices. Another important factor related to the use of insecticides for pest control is the growing consumer demand for pesticide-free food, driven by an increased awareness of health and environmental risks. Among the alternatives to the use of synthetic insecticides, botanical extracts, in particular essential oils, are receiving considerable interest. Essential oils are important secondary metabolites of plants, which, when properly formulated, contribute to the control of phytophagous insects and are also low or non-toxic to non-target organisms, safe for humans, the environment and the ecosystem. The main objective of this thesis was to develop different nanoformulations based on garlic essential oil, using high energy and different pressures, such as 2000, 20.000 and 30.000 psi. Garlic nanoemulsions were tested against three key pests of horticultural crops, such as Spodoptera littoralis, Phthorimaea (Tuta) absoluta and Bemisia tabaci, with the aim of assessing their insecticidal potential. In addition, adverse effects on non-target organisms such as the generalist predator Nesidiocoris tenuis and possible phytotoxic effects on plants such as tomato, pepper, cucumber and eggplant were also evaluated. The results obtained from this research are promising, as the garlic nanoformulations had an interesting insecticidal effect against the three chosen target insects. Furthermore, the developed nanoemulsions were low toxic towards the mirid predator and only the highest doses were somewhat phytotoxic towards cucumber and eggplant. Therefore, based on the results obtained, we can state that the developed and tested garlic nanoemulsions could be a viable alternative to the use of chemical insecticides for phytophagous control, although further studies on natural enemies are needed.
Da un punto di vista economico, il settore orticolo incide notevolmente a livello globale, infatti secondo i dati FAOSTAT del 2021, il valore della produzione orticola si aggira intorno ai 1.1 trilioni di dollari l'anno con una produzione di circa 1.1 bilioni di tonnellate. Nonostante il potenziale economico, il settore orticolo deve affrontare una serie di sfide, tra le quali la volatilità dei prezzi, dovuta a fattori climatici, parassiti e malattie. L'aumento delle temperature, le precipitazioni irregolari e gli eventi meteorologici estremi, stanno modificando le condizioni di crescita delle colture, causando un’alterazione dei cicli di crescita, influenzando la resa e favorendo la diffusione di parassiti e malattie. I parassiti e le malattie delle piante rappresentano una delle principali minacce per la produzione orticola, infatti la loro presenza può portare a perdite di raccolto del 20-50% o anche del 100%, a seconda del tipo di parassita e del livello di infestazione. Anche una minima infestazione può compromettere la qualità visiva e nutrizionale del prodotto, rendendolo meno attraente per i consumatori e abbassandone il prezzo di mercato. La gestione dei parassiti richiede investimenti significativi in termini di pesticidi, tecnologie di monitoraggio e interventi agronomici. L'uso indiscriminato e intensivo di insetticidi di origine sintetica comporta rischi ambientali, come l'inquinamento del suolo e dell'acqua, rischi per la salute umana e per gli insetti non bersaglio. Il controllo degli insetti fitofagi è particolarmente complesso anche a causa delle limitazioni all’uso degli insetticidi chimici di sintesi e dello sviluppo di resistenze ai pochi principi attivi attualmente ammessi, che rendono inefficaci i trattamenti chimici. Infatti, negli ultimi 30 anni, il mondo degli insetticidi chimici a livello globale ha subito cambiamenti radicali sia in termini di tipologie di sostanze utilizzate, sia in termini di normative che portano all’introduzione di pratiche di gestione sostenibile. Altro fattore importante, legato all’uso degli insetticidi per il controllo dei fitofagi, riguarda la sempre più crescente domanda dei consumatori per cibo senza pesticidi, spinta da una maggiore consapevolezza sui rischi per la salute e l'ambiente. Tra le alternative all’uso degli insetticidi di sintesi, gli estratti botanici, in particolare gli oli essenziali, stanno riscontrando notevole interesse. Gli oli essenziali sono importanti metaboliti secondari delle piante, che, se opportunamente formulati, contribuiscono al controllo degli insetti fitofagi, risultando inoltre poco o non tossici per organismi non bersaglio, sicuri per l’uomo, per l’ambiente e per l’ecosistema. L’obiettivo principale di questa tesi è stato quello di sviluppare differenti nanoformulazioni di olio essenziale d’aglio, utilizzando alta energia e differenti pressioni, come 2000, 20000 e 30000 psi. Queste nanoemulsioni d’aglio, sono state testate contro tre importanti fitofagi delle colture orticole, come Spodoptera littoralis, Phthorimaea (Tuta) absoluta e Bemisia tabaci, con l’obiettivo di valutare il potenziale insetticida. Inoltre, sono stati valutati gli effetti negativi su organismi non bersaglio, come il predatore generalista Nesidiocoris tenuis e gli eventuali effetti fitotossici nei confronti di piante come pomodoro, peperone, zucchino e melanzana. I risultati ottenuti di questa ricerca sono promettenti, in quanto le nanoformulazioni d’aglio hanno avuto un’efficacia insetticida nei confronti dei tre insetti target scelti. Inoltre, sono risultate poco tossiche nei confronti del predatore e solo le dosi più alte sono risultate leggermente fitotossiche nei confronti di zucchino e melanzana. Quindi, in base ai risultati ottenuti, possiamo affermare che le nanoemulsioni d’aglio sviluppate e testate, potrebbero essere una valida alternativa all’uso di insetticidi chimici per il controllo dei fitofagi, anche se sono necessari ulteriori studi sui nemici naturali.
BIOLOGICAL ACTIVITY OF GARLIC ESSENTIAL OIL NANOFORMULATIONS FOR THE MANAGEMENT OF VEGETABLE PESTS
GIULIANO, GAETANO
2025
Abstract
From an economic point of view, the horticultural sector has a significant impact globally, in fact, according to FAOSTAT data of 2021, the value of horticultural production is around USD 1.1 trillion per year with a production of about 1.1 billion tons. Despite its economic potential, the horticultural sector faces numerous challenges, including price volatility due to climatic factors, pests and diseases. Increasing temperatures, irregular rainfall and extreme weather events are changing the growing conditions of crops, altering growth cycles, affecting yields and favoring the spread of pests and diseases. Pests and plant diseases are a major threat to horticultural production, and their impact can lead to crop losses of 20-50% or even 100%, depending on the type of pest and level of infestation. Even the slightest infestation can compromise the visual and nutritional quality of the products, making them less attractive to consumers and lowering the market price. Pest management is a critical aspect of modern agriculture, requiring substantial investments in pesticides, monitoring technologies, and agronomic interventions to ensure crop health and productivity. The indiscriminate and intensive use of synthetic insecticides entails environmental risks, such as soil and water pollution, risks to human health and to non-target insects. The control of phytophagous insects is also particularly complex due to the limitations on the use of synthetic chemical insecticides and the development of resistance to the few active ingredients currently allowed, which render chemical treatments ineffective. In fact, over the last 30 years, the world of chemical insecticides globally has undergone radical changes both in terms of the types of substances used and in terms of regulations leading to the introduction of sustainable management practices. Another important factor related to the use of insecticides for pest control is the growing consumer demand for pesticide-free food, driven by an increased awareness of health and environmental risks. Among the alternatives to the use of synthetic insecticides, botanical extracts, in particular essential oils, are receiving considerable interest. Essential oils are important secondary metabolites of plants, which, when properly formulated, contribute to the control of phytophagous insects and are also low or non-toxic to non-target organisms, safe for humans, the environment and the ecosystem. The main objective of this thesis was to develop different nanoformulations based on garlic essential oil, using high energy and different pressures, such as 2000, 20.000 and 30.000 psi. Garlic nanoemulsions were tested against three key pests of horticultural crops, such as Spodoptera littoralis, Phthorimaea (Tuta) absoluta and Bemisia tabaci, with the aim of assessing their insecticidal potential. In addition, adverse effects on non-target organisms such as the generalist predator Nesidiocoris tenuis and possible phytotoxic effects on plants such as tomato, pepper, cucumber and eggplant were also evaluated. The results obtained from this research are promising, as the garlic nanoformulations had an interesting insecticidal effect against the three chosen target insects. Furthermore, the developed nanoemulsions were low toxic towards the mirid predator and only the highest doses were somewhat phytotoxic towards cucumber and eggplant. Therefore, based on the results obtained, we can state that the developed and tested garlic nanoemulsions could be a viable alternative to the use of chemical insecticides for phytophagous control, although further studies on natural enemies are needed.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14242/210570
URN:NBN:IT:UNIRC-210570