Concerns about food safety have increased over the past two decades as consumers have become aware of the risks that consumption of certain foods has a potential link to degenerative diseases. An important factor in this context is the processing of ingredients into food products, which can lead to the formation of a number of chemical compounds having properties desired in the flavor, aroma, and color of the food. At the same time, undesired chemicals, also named process-induced chemicals or process contaminants, can be generated and may represent a risk to human health. Thermal treatment during processing is a fundamental step for food preservation, and crucial for determining the sensory properties of the final products. In particular, the Maillard reaction gives unique characteristics of color, flavor and texture in baked product. Nonetheless, heat induces several damages including the formation of antinutritional and potentially toxic compounds, some of them considered carcinogenic, mutagenic, genotoxic, and teratogenic, with potential negative effects on human health. In the past few years, the formation of chemicals, particularly those with a potentially adverse effect on consumers, has received increased attention; among these, acrylamide in cereal-based products, coffee and potato-based products, and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in grilled/barbecued meat. Among processed foods generally consumed by a worldwide population, cereal-based foods are the food category able to apport large quantities of food-toxicants to the consumer due to their high consumption. In this context, this PhD thesis focused on the research of possible mitigation strategies to contain food-processing contaminants formation in two important cereal-based products of the Italian food culture: the Neapolitan pizza and pasta. For Neapolitan pizza product, the research project aims to: investigate about possible mitigation strategies for the reduction of acrylamide formation during cooking in wood-fired oven, in particular focusing on 1) the selection of wheat line low in asparagine content for the production of Neapolitan pizza with reduced level of acrylamide in compliance with the regulation EU 2017/2158 and 2) the use of microbial starter of lactobacilli to employ during Neapolitan pizza production together with the traditional yeast in the leavening phase (Chapter 2); assess the impact of the use of alternative cooking in electric oven on processing contaminants such as acrylamide and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (Chapter 2, Chapter 3); evaluate the risk exposure of the general population related to the consumption of Neapolitan pizza deriving from contamination with acrylamide and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (Chapter 2, Chapter 3). Regarding dry pasta product (Chapter 4), the research project focused on the evaluation of the effect of different operating conditions (by modulating the time, temperature and duration of exposure of the dough) during high-temperature drying phase, to find the best trade-off between high-temperature treatment and mitigation of heat damage. Some semolina characteristics (reducing sugars, semolina grain size, enzyme activity) and several process markers of the early (furosine, blocked lysine, maltulose) and advanced (hydroxymethylfurfural and glucosyl isomaltol) stages of the Maillard reaction were considered. The study of exposure highlighted that consumption of Neapolitan pizza doesn’t represent a risk for human health due to the low concentration of acrylamide and PAHs detectable in that product. For both contaminants considered, the use of refined flour leads to a lower risk for the final consumer. During pasta processing, the use of the optimized drying diagrams allowed to reduce the progress of the Maillard reaction and the development of the products typical of the advanced phase, like hydroxymethylfurfural and glucosyl isomaltol.
Il nesso tra consumo di alcuni alimenti e insorgenza di malattie degenerative è divenuto un tema centrale nell’ambito della sicurezza alimentare negli ultimi anni. In tale contesto fondamentale è la trasformazione dei prodotti alimentari, che può portare alla formazione di una serie di composti chimici con proprietà desiderate nel sapore, nell'aroma e nel colore ma che, al contempo, può generare sostanze chimiche indesiderate, o contaminanti di processo, alcuni dei quali possono rappresentare un rischio per la salute umana. In particolare, il trattamento termico durante la lavorazione degli alimenti è una fase cruciale sia per la conservazione degli stessi che nella determinazione delle proprietà sensoriali del prodotto finito. La reazione di Maillard conferisce caratteristiche uniche di colore, sapore e consistenza ai prodotti da forno. Tuttavia, il calore induce diversi danni, tra cui la formazione di composti antinutrizionali e potenzialmente tossici, alcuni dei quali considerati cancerogeni, mutageni, genotossici e teratogeni, con potenziali effetti negativi sulla salute umana (ad esempio l'acrilammide nei prodotti a base di cereali, caffè e patate, e gli idrocarburi policiclici aromatici nella carne grigliata o alla brace). Tra gli alimenti trasformati generalmente consumati, quelli a base di cereali sono la categoria alimentare in grado di apportare grandi quantità di contaminanti alimentari a causa del loro elevato consumo. In questo contesto, la presente tesi di dottorato è rivolta alla ricerca di possibili strategie di mitigazione per il contenimento della formazione di contaminanti di processo in due importanti prodotti a base di cereali della cultura alimentare italiana: la pizza napoletana e la pasta. Per la pizza napoletana, il progetto di ricerca si è proposto di: indagare sulle possibili strategie di mitigazione per la riduzione della formazione di acrilammide durante la cottura in forno a legna, in particolare focalizzandosi su 1) la selezione di grano a basso contenuto di asparagina per la produzione di pizza napoletana a ridotto livello di acrilammide in conformità al regolamento UE 2017/2158 e 2) l'utilizzo di starter microbici di lattobacilli da impiegare durante la produzione di pizza napoletana insieme al lievito tradizionale in fase di lievitazione (Capitolo 2); determinare l'impatto dell'utilizzo di cottura alternativa in forno elettrico su contaminanti di processo quali acrilammide e idrocarburi policiclici aromatici (Capitolo 2, Capitolo 3); valutare l'esposizione al rischio della popolazione legato al consumo di pizza napoletana derivante dalla contaminazione da acrilammide e idrocarburi policiclici aromatici (Capitolo 2, Capitolo 3). Per quanto riguarda il prodotto pasta secca (Capitolo 4), il progetto di ricerca si è concentrato sulla misura dell'effetto di diverse condizioni operative (modulando il tempo, la temperatura e la durata dell'esposizione dell'impasto) durante la fase di essiccazione ad alta temperatura, per trovare il miglior compromesso tra il trattamento ad alta temperatura e la mitigazione del danno termico. Sono state prese in considerazione alcune caratteristiche della semola e diversi marcatori di processo delle fasi precoci (furosina, lisina bloccata, maltulosio) e avanzate (idrossimetilfurfurale e glucosil isomaltolo) della reazione di Maillard. Lo studio dell'esposizione ha evidenziato che il consumo di pizza napoletana non rappresenta un rischio per la salute umana a causa della bassa concentrazione di acrilammide e idrocarburi policiclici aromatici rilevabile in tale prodotto. Per entrambi i contaminanti considerati, l'uso di farina raffinata comporta un rischio minore per il consumatore finale. Durante la lavorazione della pasta, l'uso di diagrammi di essiccazione ottimizzati ha permesso di ridurre l'avanzamento della reazione di Maillard e lo sviluppo dei prodotti tipici della fase avanzata, come l'idrossimetilfurfurale e il glucosilisomaltolo.
Strategies to mitigate thermal damage in cereal-based products
QUIQUERO, MICHELA
2025
Abstract
Concerns about food safety have increased over the past two decades as consumers have become aware of the risks that consumption of certain foods has a potential link to degenerative diseases. An important factor in this context is the processing of ingredients into food products, which can lead to the formation of a number of chemical compounds having properties desired in the flavor, aroma, and color of the food. At the same time, undesired chemicals, also named process-induced chemicals or process contaminants, can be generated and may represent a risk to human health. Thermal treatment during processing is a fundamental step for food preservation, and crucial for determining the sensory properties of the final products. In particular, the Maillard reaction gives unique characteristics of color, flavor and texture in baked product. Nonetheless, heat induces several damages including the formation of antinutritional and potentially toxic compounds, some of them considered carcinogenic, mutagenic, genotoxic, and teratogenic, with potential negative effects on human health. In the past few years, the formation of chemicals, particularly those with a potentially adverse effect on consumers, has received increased attention; among these, acrylamide in cereal-based products, coffee and potato-based products, and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in grilled/barbecued meat. Among processed foods generally consumed by a worldwide population, cereal-based foods are the food category able to apport large quantities of food-toxicants to the consumer due to their high consumption. In this context, this PhD thesis focused on the research of possible mitigation strategies to contain food-processing contaminants formation in two important cereal-based products of the Italian food culture: the Neapolitan pizza and pasta. For Neapolitan pizza product, the research project aims to: investigate about possible mitigation strategies for the reduction of acrylamide formation during cooking in wood-fired oven, in particular focusing on 1) the selection of wheat line low in asparagine content for the production of Neapolitan pizza with reduced level of acrylamide in compliance with the regulation EU 2017/2158 and 2) the use of microbial starter of lactobacilli to employ during Neapolitan pizza production together with the traditional yeast in the leavening phase (Chapter 2); assess the impact of the use of alternative cooking in electric oven on processing contaminants such as acrylamide and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (Chapter 2, Chapter 3); evaluate the risk exposure of the general population related to the consumption of Neapolitan pizza deriving from contamination with acrylamide and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (Chapter 2, Chapter 3). Regarding dry pasta product (Chapter 4), the research project focused on the evaluation of the effect of different operating conditions (by modulating the time, temperature and duration of exposure of the dough) during high-temperature drying phase, to find the best trade-off between high-temperature treatment and mitigation of heat damage. Some semolina characteristics (reducing sugars, semolina grain size, enzyme activity) and several process markers of the early (furosine, blocked lysine, maltulose) and advanced (hydroxymethylfurfural and glucosyl isomaltol) stages of the Maillard reaction were considered. The study of exposure highlighted that consumption of Neapolitan pizza doesn’t represent a risk for human health due to the low concentration of acrylamide and PAHs detectable in that product. For both contaminants considered, the use of refined flour leads to a lower risk for the final consumer. During pasta processing, the use of the optimized drying diagrams allowed to reduce the progress of the Maillard reaction and the development of the products typical of the advanced phase, like hydroxymethylfurfural and glucosyl isomaltol.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14242/212665
URN:NBN:IT:UNIMOL-212665