The research focuses on the analysis of the use of artificial intelligence (AI) in compnay’s management and the consequences that such use has on the duties of directors of corporations, the level of diligence required, and the associated liability regime. Firstly, the meaning to be attributed to the term AI is investigated on a semantic level, in the context of computer science, and finally in legal definition in current legislation and in some regulatory proposals is considered. The most relevant case of AI regulation is, at the time of writing, that of the AI Act adopted by the European Union. After an examination of the European discipline, the US and Chinese legal systems are investigated with comparative interest, assessing for each of them the legislator's choice of whether or not to regulate - and with what instrument - AI, as well as the very definition of the technology considered, from which the perimeter of relevance and applicability of the rules considered can be deduced. The contribution continues with an in-depth examination of the duties of diligence of the director of joint-stock companies and the relevant liability regime. In particular, the Italian legal system is taken into consideration and, more specifically, the case of the director of società per azioni (S.p.A.), with references to the regulations and soft law codes applicable to companies listed on regulated markets. This part of the work intends to describe the state of the art regarding the regulatory framework of the role of the S.p.A.’s director and the liability regime to which he is subject. The work culminates in the part where the influence of IA instruments on the actions of a company's board of directors is examined in detail, verifying their impact on the role of the director of a large S.p.A. After ruling out certain cases that are currently only theoretical, such as that of the roboboard and of the AI as a full member of a board of directors, the work focuses on the case of the AI used by the board of directors, as well as by individual directors, as an aid to the functions to be performed. Specifically, it is examined whether, by choosing to use AI as an advisor, the director's level of due diligence and duties of conduct change, and in particular whether these are in some way weakened by being able to rely on the potential of a very sophisticated tool, or whether, on the contrary, there is an intensification of the degree of due diligence and in the number of duties to be performed. From the consideration of the impact of the AI on the director's duties of diligence, there are also consequences at the level of liability, which is extended, since it must include the manner in which the AI is chosen and used, as well as the related effects on the interests of the company, shareholders and stakeholders. This outcome is also assessed in the light of the application of the business judgement rule, to the extent to which it can be said that the decisions taken by the director through AI do or do not fall within the perimeter of applicability of such principle.
Il lavoro di ricerca è incentrato sull’analisi dell’utilizzo dell’intelligenza artificiale (IA) nella gestione dell’impresa e sulle conseguenze che tale utilizzo ha sui doveri degli amministratori di società di capitali, sul livello di diligenza loro richiesto e sul relativo regime di responsabilità. In primo luogo si indaga sul significato da attribuire al termine IA sul piano semantico, nel contesto della scienza informatica, e infine la definizione giuridica presente nella legislazione vigente e in alcune proposte normative. Il caso più rilevante di regolamentazione dell’IA è, al momento della stesura di questo lavoro, quello dell’AI Act adottato dall’Unione Europea. Dopo un esame della disciplina europea, sono indagati con interesse comparativo gli ordinamenti di Stati Uniti e Cina, valutando per ciascuno di essi la scelta del legislatore di regolare o meno – e con quale strumento - l’IA, nonché la definizione stessa della tecnologia considerata, dalla quale poter evincere il perimetro di rilevanza ed applicabilità delle norme considerate. Il contributo prosegue con un approfondimento sui doveri di diligenza dell’amministratore di società di capitali e al relativo regime di responsabilità. In particolare, è preso in considerazione l’ordinamento italiano e, più nello specifico, la fattispecie dell’amministratore di società per azioni (S.p.A.) che sia membro di un consiglio di amministrazione, con riferimenti alla normativa e ai codici di autodisciplina applicabili alle società quotate in mercati regolamentati. Questa parte del lavoro intende descrivere lo stato dell’arte circa l’inquadramento del ruolo dell’amministratore di S.p.A. e il regime di responsabilità cui è sottoposto. L’opera culmina nella parte dove si approfondisce l’influenza degli strumenti di IA sull’operato del consiglio di amministrazione di una società, verificandone l’impatto sul ruolo dell’amministratore di una S.p.A. di grandi dimensioni. Dopo aver escluso alcune fattispecie al momento solo teoriche, quali quella del roboboard e dell’IA come membro a pieno titolo di un consiglio di amministrazione, il lavoro si concentra sul caso dell’IA utilizzata dal consiglio di amministrazione, ovvero da singoli amministratori, come ausilio alle funzioni da svolgere. Nello specifico si verifica se scegliendo di utilizzare l’IA come proprio consulente l’amministratore vada incontro a un mutamento del livello di diligenza da lui preteso e dei propri doveri di comportamento, e cioè se questi risultino in qualche modo affievoliti, potendo far affidamento sulle potenzialità di uno strumento molto sofisticato, o al contrario vi sia un’intensificazione del grado di diligenza e del numero doveri. Dalla considerazione dell’impatto dell’IA sui doveri di diligenza dell’amministratore, scaturiscono anche conseguenze sul piano della responsabilità, che ne risulta estesa, dovendo ricomprendere le modalità di scelta e utilizzo dell’IA e le relative ricadute sugli interessi della società, dei soci e degli stakeholder. Questo esito è valutato anche alla luce dell’applicazione del principio della business judgement rule, nella misura in cui possa dirsi che le decisioni prese dall’amministratore attraverso l’IA rientrano o meno nel perimetro di applicabilità del principio appena enunciato.
Consiglio di amministrazione di società e intelligenza artificiale: doveri di diligenza e responsabilità
PICARELLI, Pierpaolo
2025
Abstract
The research focuses on the analysis of the use of artificial intelligence (AI) in compnay’s management and the consequences that such use has on the duties of directors of corporations, the level of diligence required, and the associated liability regime. Firstly, the meaning to be attributed to the term AI is investigated on a semantic level, in the context of computer science, and finally in legal definition in current legislation and in some regulatory proposals is considered. The most relevant case of AI regulation is, at the time of writing, that of the AI Act adopted by the European Union. After an examination of the European discipline, the US and Chinese legal systems are investigated with comparative interest, assessing for each of them the legislator's choice of whether or not to regulate - and with what instrument - AI, as well as the very definition of the technology considered, from which the perimeter of relevance and applicability of the rules considered can be deduced. The contribution continues with an in-depth examination of the duties of diligence of the director of joint-stock companies and the relevant liability regime. In particular, the Italian legal system is taken into consideration and, more specifically, the case of the director of società per azioni (S.p.A.), with references to the regulations and soft law codes applicable to companies listed on regulated markets. This part of the work intends to describe the state of the art regarding the regulatory framework of the role of the S.p.A.’s director and the liability regime to which he is subject. The work culminates in the part where the influence of IA instruments on the actions of a company's board of directors is examined in detail, verifying their impact on the role of the director of a large S.p.A. After ruling out certain cases that are currently only theoretical, such as that of the roboboard and of the AI as a full member of a board of directors, the work focuses on the case of the AI used by the board of directors, as well as by individual directors, as an aid to the functions to be performed. Specifically, it is examined whether, by choosing to use AI as an advisor, the director's level of due diligence and duties of conduct change, and in particular whether these are in some way weakened by being able to rely on the potential of a very sophisticated tool, or whether, on the contrary, there is an intensification of the degree of due diligence and in the number of duties to be performed. From the consideration of the impact of the AI on the director's duties of diligence, there are also consequences at the level of liability, which is extended, since it must include the manner in which the AI is chosen and used, as well as the related effects on the interests of the company, shareholders and stakeholders. This outcome is also assessed in the light of the application of the business judgement rule, to the extent to which it can be said that the decisions taken by the director through AI do or do not fall within the perimeter of applicability of such principle.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14242/212944
URN:NBN:IT:UNIMOL-212944