Development of Computerized Multicomponent Cognitive Stimulation for Improving Cognitive Functions in Older Adults with Mild Cognitive Impairment: A Multimodal Investigation Using Neuropsychological and EEG/ERP Assessment

This study evaluates the effectiveness of a Computerized Multicomponent Cognitive Stimulation (CMCS) program, adapted from Cognitive Stimulation Therapy (CST), in improving cognitive functions, emotions, and quality of life in older adults with mild cognitive impairment (MCI). Ninety-three participants (mean age = 67.68 years) were randomly assigned to three groups: (1) the CMCS or computerized CST integrated with multisensory stimulation (MCST), (2) computerized CST (CST), and (3) a control group. Over ten weeks, participants in the intervention groups attended weekly 45-minute sessions. Cognitive functions were assessed using paired-associated learning tasks, verbal fluency tasks, Corsi-block tapping and mental rotation tasks, the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test, simple and choice reaction time tasks, and the sound-induced flash illusion task. EEG data were analyzed for band frequencies, and ERP components such as N1, P2, P3, N4, and P6 were explored. Additionally, depression, anxiety, and quality of life were measured. Data were analyzed primarily using analysis of covariance, with posttest scores as the dependent variable and pretest scores as the covariate. Results showed significant improvements in learning and memory, language, visuospatial skills, psychomotor performance, and multisensory integration in the MCST group compared to the CST and control groups. Both intervention groups experienced notable reductions in depression and anxiety, with the MCST group showing greater efficacy. However, no significant changes were observed in the quality of life post-intervention. EEG analyses indicated increased theta power in the occipital region during the resting state and enhanced P3 amplitude and latency changes during cognitive tasks, particularly in the frontal and central regions. The findings suggest that CMCS, especially with integrated multisensory stimulation, effectively enhances cognitive functions and emotions in older adults with MCI. These results support the potential of computerized cognitive interventions to mitigate cognitive decline and emotional distress, contributing to dementia prevention. Further research is warranted to explore the long-term impacts and underlying mechanisms of these improvements.