Human beings are inherently social, with a sense of self deeply connected to the capacity for social attunement—a process of aligning behaviors, emotions, and physiological states with others, fostering shared understanding and connection. This alignment is facilitated by bodily mediation, where the body actively engages with the environment and others. Behavioral contagion (e.g., yawning, itching) and body ownership illusions (e.g., the Rubber Hand Illusion) demonstrate the fluidity of boundaries between self and other, supported by neural systems that enhance social resonance. The foundations of bodily mediation trace back to prenatal development, where the fetus, through co-embodiment with the mother, begins to form bodily self-awareness, laying the groundwork for future social attunement. This dissertation examines bodily mediation’s influence on self-other relationships across the lifespan, bridging early prenatal development and adult social interactions. In adults, it investigates how the temporal binding window (TBW), a measure of multisensory integration, affects the flexibility of self-other boundaries. It is hypothesized that wider TBWs correlate with a more permeable self-other distinction, resulting in heightened social attunement. Results from the first study (N = 50) indicate that participants with wider TBWs exhibit increased susceptibility to body illusions and contagious behaviors. Building on these findings, the second study investigates the plasticity of TBW through a training protocol aimed at TBW narrowing. In a sample of 30 participants, first session measurements were taken in social contagion, RHI, and simultaneity judgment tasks, followed by TBW-narrowing training and second session measurements. Post-training results indicate a reduction in embodiment and contagion susceptibility, supporting the hypothesis that a narrower TBW stabilizes self-other boundaries, thus reducing automatic mimicry responses. The third study focuses on motor resonance between mother and fetus, examining whether maternal yawning elicits fetal yawns, as observed through 2D ultrasound in 33 mother-fetus dyads. A significant increase in fetal yawning following maternal yawns suggests that motor resonance and attunement begin prenatally, forming the basis for later social and motor coordination. Additionally, a neural network model analyzed maternal and fetal yawning kinematics, providing further insights into early motor synchronization. Collectively, these studies provide a comprehensive view of how bodily mediation, through mechanisms of multisensory integration, body ownership, and motor resonance, facilitates social attunement from prenatal stages through adulthood. This research underscores bodily mediation as a core component of social connection, shaping self-other boundaries and fostering relational attunement across life stages.
Gli esseri umani sono essenzialmente sociali e il senso di sé è profondamente connesso alla capacità di sintonizzarsi con gli altri—un processo che allinea comportamenti, emozioni e stati fisiologici, promuovendo comprensione e connessioni reciproche. Questa sintonizzazione è possibile grazie all’azione mediatrice del corpo, che interagisce dinamicamente con l’ambiente circostante e con le persone. Fenomeni come il contagio comportamentale (es. sbadiglio o prurito) e le illusioni corporee (es. l’Illusione della Mano di Gomma o Rubber Hand Illusion, RHI) supportano la malleabilità dei confini sé-altro, poiché supportati da sistemi neurali che favoriscono la risonanza sociale. Le basi di questa mediazione corporea si trovano già in fase prenatale: attraverso una condizione di co-embodiment con la madre, il feto inizia a formare una consapevolezza corporea di sé, gettando le basi per una futura capacità di sintonizzazione sociale. Questa tesi esamina come il corpo influenzi le relazioni tra sé e l’altro nel corso della vita, creando un ponte tra lo sviluppo prenatale e le interazioni sociali adulte. In particolare, negli adulti è stato indagato come la finestra temporale (temporal binding window, TBW), una misura di integrazione multisensoriale, influenzi la flessibilità dei confini sé-altro. Si ipotizza che avere una finestra temporale più ampia sia correlata a confini corporei più malleabili, favorendo così una maggiore predisposizione alla sintonizzazione sociale. I risultati del primo studio (N = 50) mostrano che i partecipanti con una finestra temporale più ampia sono più suscettibili all’illusione corporea della mano di gomma e conseguentemente ai comportamenti contagiosi. Sulla base di questi risultati, il secondo studio esamina la plasticità della TBW attraverso un protocollo di training mirato a ridurla. In un campione di 30 partecipanti, durante una prima sessione sperimentale sono state misurate: la suscettibilità al contagio, la malleabilità dei confini corporei (RHI) e la TBW per ciascun partecipante. Successivamente, i partecipanti sono stati sottoposti ad una sessione di training per ridurre l’ampiezza della TBW e sono state prese nuove misurazioni per ciascun task. I risultati post-training mostrano un minor livello di embodiment nel task della mano di gomma e una minor suscettibilità al contagio, confermando l’ipotesi che una TBW più ristretta stabilizzi i confini sé-altro, riducendo le risposte al contagio comportamentale. Il terzo studio si focalizza sulla risonanza motoria tra madre e feto, investigando se lo sbadiglio materno inneschi sbadigli fetali, osservati tramite ecografia 2D in 33 diadi madre-feto. Un aumento significativo degli sbadigli fetali in risposta a quelli materni suggerisce che la risonanza motoria e la sintonizzazione inizino già in fase prenatale a livello fisiologico, costituendo la base per una futura coordinazione sociale e motoria. L’utilizzo di una rete neurale ha inoltre permesso di analizzare la cinematica degli sbadigli materni e fetali, offrendo ulteriori approfondimenti sulla sincronizzazione motoria precoce. Insieme, questi studi offrono una visione completa di come il corpo, attraverso i meccanismi di integrazione multisensoriale, appartenenza corporea e risonanza motoria, faciliti la sintonizzazione sociale dal periodo prenatale fino all’età adulta. Questa ricerca evidenzia il corpo come elemento fondamentale della connessione sociale, modellando i confini tra sé e gli altri e promuovendo la sintonizzazione relazionale nelle diverse fasi della vita.
Mediazione Corporea: dinamiche sé-altro nell’adulto e nel feto
Giulia, D’Adamo;
2025
Abstract
Human beings are inherently social, with a sense of self deeply connected to the capacity for social attunement—a process of aligning behaviors, emotions, and physiological states with others, fostering shared understanding and connection. This alignment is facilitated by bodily mediation, where the body actively engages with the environment and others. Behavioral contagion (e.g., yawning, itching) and body ownership illusions (e.g., the Rubber Hand Illusion) demonstrate the fluidity of boundaries between self and other, supported by neural systems that enhance social resonance. The foundations of bodily mediation trace back to prenatal development, where the fetus, through co-embodiment with the mother, begins to form bodily self-awareness, laying the groundwork for future social attunement. This dissertation examines bodily mediation’s influence on self-other relationships across the lifespan, bridging early prenatal development and adult social interactions. In adults, it investigates how the temporal binding window (TBW), a measure of multisensory integration, affects the flexibility of self-other boundaries. It is hypothesized that wider TBWs correlate with a more permeable self-other distinction, resulting in heightened social attunement. Results from the first study (N = 50) indicate that participants with wider TBWs exhibit increased susceptibility to body illusions and contagious behaviors. Building on these findings, the second study investigates the plasticity of TBW through a training protocol aimed at TBW narrowing. In a sample of 30 participants, first session measurements were taken in social contagion, RHI, and simultaneity judgment tasks, followed by TBW-narrowing training and second session measurements. Post-training results indicate a reduction in embodiment and contagion susceptibility, supporting the hypothesis that a narrower TBW stabilizes self-other boundaries, thus reducing automatic mimicry responses. The third study focuses on motor resonance between mother and fetus, examining whether maternal yawning elicits fetal yawns, as observed through 2D ultrasound in 33 mother-fetus dyads. A significant increase in fetal yawning following maternal yawns suggests that motor resonance and attunement begin prenatally, forming the basis for later social and motor coordination. Additionally, a neural network model analyzed maternal and fetal yawning kinematics, providing further insights into early motor synchronization. Collectively, these studies provide a comprehensive view of how bodily mediation, through mechanisms of multisensory integration, body ownership, and motor resonance, facilitates social attunement from prenatal stages through adulthood. This research underscores bodily mediation as a core component of social connection, shaping self-other boundaries and fostering relational attunement across life stages.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14242/213236
URN:NBN:IT:UNIPR-213236