Comparative evaluation of simulator-based and cadaveric limb training for distal libm nerve blocks in the horse: a study of OSCE performance and student perceptions in two italian veterinary schools

This thesis explores the efficacy of a commercially available equine distal limb simulator as a training tool for veterinary students performing nerve blocks, compared to traditional cadaveric limb training, and introduces the initial development of a proprietary 3D-printed high-fidelity model for advanced equine limb procedures. Conducted within the context of the 2022 PRIN "WELL-FARE" project, this study aimed to evaluate the practical and perceived educational outcomes of simulator-based training as a potential alternative to cadaveric training, focusing on its viability for high-quality, ethically grounded veterinary education. A cohort of fourth-year veterinary students from the University of Parma and University of Turin participated in structured training sessions, followed by Objective Structured Clinical Examinations (OSCEs) and post-training questionnaires assessing satisfaction and perceived efficacy. Students were divided into two groups: one trained on cadaveric legs and the other on a simulator, with assessments standardized across both groups. Results indicate that both training methods led to comparable levels of proficiency in performing nerve blocks, as demonstrated by OSCE scores. However, cadaver-trained students exhibited marginally higher manual skill proficiency, likely due to superior haptic feedback in cadaveric limbs. Despite this, simulator training effectively simplified anatomical concepts, enabling students to achieve strong educational outcomes. Questionnaire data revealed high satisfaction and perceived efficacy across both training methods, with cadaver-trained students reporting slightly higher satisfaction in terms of achieving learning objectives, attributable to the tactile limitations of the simulator. The findings underscore the simulator’s potential to deliver effective, accessible, and standardized training, which holds particular relevance where cadaveric resources are limited or ethical considerations are prominent. However, enhancements in simulator design are recommended to better mimic the tactile feedback of real anatomy, supporting the development of future training tools that more closely replicate clinical experiences.