The recent technological development has come with an increasing awareness around the life cycle of manufactured products. This is consistent with the so-called green transition, a worldwide project that aims at developing sustainable and eco-friendly economy and society. One of the objectives of the green transition is the circular economy. The role of chemists in this regard is pivotal, as they are responsible, among other issues, for the development of sustainable chemical processes for the recovery or upcycling of end-of-life products. Particular attention has been given to materials containing critical metals, which can potentially be recovered by secondary spent sources over traditional mining methods. Among these products, those containing Rare Earth Elements (REs) have recently seen a surge in investments directed to their recovery, due to the recent Geopolitical dynamics that have seen the prices of REs and RE-containing products rise drastically. The usual recovery and separation processes for REs are not economically feasible and thus only a small percentage (ca. 5%) of them are being recycled from end-of-life products. This thesis was aimed at investigating new alternatives to the consolidated separation processes for REs, prioritizing sustainability and the use of green chemicals. The objectives of this thesis were the following: A) Develop a separation process for spent NdFeB permanent magnets using commercially available reagents. The metals tested were the ones primarily present in NdFeB permanent magnets, composed of iron, neodymium and dysprosium. The separation process was divided into two parts. In the first part the separation of the d-block (iron) from the f-block elements (neodymium and dysprosium) was evaluated using bidentate chelating agents of the family of 8-hydroxyquinolines. In the second part, the much more challenging separation of neodymium and dysprosium was tackled with the same family of ligands and accurate tuning of the reaction conditions. Green solvents were preferred to environmentally challenging ones and the recovery of metals, ligands and reagents was assessed. B) Demonstrate the possibility of alternative separation methods not relying on the differences in ionic radii of REs for their separation. To do so we studied the interaction of REs with photo-switchable ligands, in particular acylhydrazones. The isomerization profiles were analyzed for both the ligands and the RE-complexes. The differences in the rate of photodissociation of the different RE-complexes were attributed to the presence and to the energy of the 4f excited stated in paramagnetic REs that led to RE-emission as a quenching mechanism.
Lo sviluppo tecnologico recente è stato accompagnato da una crescente consapevolezza riguardo al ciclo di vita dei prodotti fabbricati. Questo è in linea con la cosiddetta "green transition", un progetto globale che mira a sviluppare un’economia e una società sostenibili ed ecologiche. Uno degli obiettivi della "green transition" è l’economia circolare. Il ruolo dei chimici in questo contesto è cruciale, poiché essi sono responsabili, tra le altre cose, dello sviluppo di processi chimici sostenibili per il recupero o il riutilizzo dei prodotti a fine vita. Particolare attenzione è stata rivolta ai materiali contenenti metalli critici, che possono potenzialmente essere recuperati da fonti secondarie esauste in alternativa ai metodi di estrazione tradizionali. Tra questi prodotti, quelli contenenti elementi delle terre rare (REs) hanno recentemente visto un aumento degli investimenti diretti al loro recupero, a causa delle recenti dinamiche geopolitiche che hanno portato a un drastico aumento dei prezzi degli REs e dei prodotti che li contengono. I processi di recupero e separazione per gli REs non sono economicamente sostenibili e, di conseguenza, solo una piccola percentuale (circa il 5%) viene riciclata dai prodotti a fine vita. Questa tesi si è proposta di indagare nuove alternative ai processi di separazione consolidati per gli REs, dando priorità alla sostenibilità e all’uso di sostanze chimiche green. Gli obiettivi di questa tesi sono stati i seguenti: A) Sviluppare un processo di separazione per magneti permanenti NdFeB esausti utilizzando reagenti commercialmente disponibili. I metalli testati erano quelli principalmente presenti nei magneti permanenti NdFeB, composti da ferro, neodimio e disprosio. Il processo di separazione è stato suddiviso in due parti. Nella prima parte, è stata valutata la separazione degli elementi del blocco d (ferro) dagli elementi del blocco f (neodimio e disprosio) utilizzando agenti chelanti bidentati della famiglia delle 8-idrossichinoline. Nella seconda parte, la separazione molto più complessa tra neodimio e disprosio è stata affrontata con la stessa famiglia di leganti, regolando con precisione le condizioni di reazione. Sono stati preferiti solventi green rispetto a quelli dannosi per l’ambiente e si è valutato il recupero di metalli, leganti e reagenti alla fine del processo. B) Dimostrare la possibilità di metodi di separazione alternativi che non si basano sulle differenze nei raggi ionici degli REs per la loro separazione. A tal fine, abbiamo studiato l’interazione degli REs con leganti fotoresponsivi, in particolare acilidrazoni. I profili di isomerizzazione sono stati analizzati sia per i leganti che per i complessi di REs. Le differenze nella velocità di fotodissociazione dei diversi complessi di RE sono state attribuite alla presenza/assenza e all’energia degli stati eccitati 4f negli REs paramagnetici, che hanno portato all’emissione (luminescenza) degli REs come meccanismo di quenching.
Sustainable Chemical Methods for Rare Earth Separation: From Selective Precipitation to Photodissociation
Matteo, Melegari;
2025
Abstract
The recent technological development has come with an increasing awareness around the life cycle of manufactured products. This is consistent with the so-called green transition, a worldwide project that aims at developing sustainable and eco-friendly economy and society. One of the objectives of the green transition is the circular economy. The role of chemists in this regard is pivotal, as they are responsible, among other issues, for the development of sustainable chemical processes for the recovery or upcycling of end-of-life products. Particular attention has been given to materials containing critical metals, which can potentially be recovered by secondary spent sources over traditional mining methods. Among these products, those containing Rare Earth Elements (REs) have recently seen a surge in investments directed to their recovery, due to the recent Geopolitical dynamics that have seen the prices of REs and RE-containing products rise drastically. The usual recovery and separation processes for REs are not economically feasible and thus only a small percentage (ca. 5%) of them are being recycled from end-of-life products. This thesis was aimed at investigating new alternatives to the consolidated separation processes for REs, prioritizing sustainability and the use of green chemicals. The objectives of this thesis were the following: A) Develop a separation process for spent NdFeB permanent magnets using commercially available reagents. The metals tested were the ones primarily present in NdFeB permanent magnets, composed of iron, neodymium and dysprosium. The separation process was divided into two parts. In the first part the separation of the d-block (iron) from the f-block elements (neodymium and dysprosium) was evaluated using bidentate chelating agents of the family of 8-hydroxyquinolines. In the second part, the much more challenging separation of neodymium and dysprosium was tackled with the same family of ligands and accurate tuning of the reaction conditions. Green solvents were preferred to environmentally challenging ones and the recovery of metals, ligands and reagents was assessed. B) Demonstrate the possibility of alternative separation methods not relying on the differences in ionic radii of REs for their separation. To do so we studied the interaction of REs with photo-switchable ligands, in particular acylhydrazones. The isomerization profiles were analyzed for both the ligands and the RE-complexes. The differences in the rate of photodissociation of the different RE-complexes were attributed to the presence and to the energy of the 4f excited stated in paramagnetic REs that led to RE-emission as a quenching mechanism.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14242/213310
URN:NBN:IT:UNIPR-213310