Pharmaceutical residues, particularly active pharmaceutical ingredients, have become significant environmental pollutants, with their impact extending across ecosystems and affecting public health. Veterinary pharmaceuticals are a major source of contamination, introduced through livestock excretion, manure application, and surface runoff, with different administration routes posing different environmental risks. Chronic environmental exposure to active pharmaceutical ingredients contributes to antimicrobial resistance, behavioral changes, reduced fertility, and biodiversity loss in wildlife. Efforts to mitigate pharmaceutical pollution align with global sustainability goals, such as the UN’s Sustainable Development Goals, emphasizing responsible consumption and protection of ecosystems. Regulatory frameworks, including the EU Water Framework Directive and action plans on pharmaceuticals, aim to address this issue. Despite numerous advancements in therapy, animal welfare, wastewater treatment, and nature-based solutions, drugs may remain persistent in the environment, necessitating sustainable pharmaceutical practices and ecotoxicological research to safeguard environmental and public health. Ivermectin (IVM), a widely used antiparasitic drug in veterinary medicine, plays a critical role in managing parasitic infections in livestock. However, its widespread application raises concerns about its potential environmental impacts, particularly in swine farming systems. This PhD thesis investigates the detection, environmental fate, and ecological consequences of IVM residues in swine farms, as well as their effects on gut health, providing insights into sustainable livestock management practices and One Health implications. An analytical method using HPLC-DAD and, subsequently, LC-MS/MS were developed and validated for detecting IVM in various matrices, including feces, slurry, wastewater, and soil. The method demonstrated high sensitivity, precision, and robustness, with limits of quantification as low as 1.5 µg/kg, highlighting its utility in ecotoxicology and environmental monitoring. The findings showed that IVM residues predominantly accumulated in feces and soil, with no detectable concentrations in slurry or wastewater samples. This accumulation underscores the potential risks to non-target organisms. The research also explored the ecological pathways of IVM residues, revealing differences in residue excretion profiles between oral and injectable administration routes. Injectable formulations resulted in higher concentrations over a long period, while the oral treatment showed an initial higher peak in concentration, but the concentrations were significantly lower 10 days after treatment. These findings highlight the importance of administration routes in assessing the environmental impacts of veterinary pharmaceuticals. Additionally, this research is the first to document the effects of IVM treatment on the gut microbiota of sows. The data demonstrated that IVM treatment significantly altered gut microbiota composition, raising concerns about potential long-term implications for animal health and antimicrobial resistance. This thesis contributes to the growing understanding of veterinary pharmaceutical residues’ environmental and ecological impacts. By addressing critical gaps in analytical detection, residue pathways, and microbial effects, it underscores the importance of sustainable livestock management practices. These findings advocate for integrated One Health approaches to mitigate the environmental footprint of veterinary drugs while safeguarding animal and ecosystem health.
I residui di farmaci, in particolare gli ingredienti attivi dei farmaci, sono diventati importanti inquinanti ambientali, con un impatto che si estende agli ecosistemi e alla salute pubblica. I farmaci veterinari rappresentano una fonte significativa di contaminazione con diverse modalità di somministrazione che pongono rischi ambientali differenti. L’esposizione cronica agli ingredienti attivi dei farmaci contribuisce alla resistenza antimicrobica, a modificazioni comportamentali, alla riduzione della fertilità e alla perdita di biodiversità nella fauna selvatica. Gli sforzi per ridurre l’inquinamento farmaceutico sono in linea con gli obiettivi globali di sostenibilità, come gli Obiettivi di Sviluppo Sostenibile dell’ONU, che promuovono un consumo responsabile e la protezione degli ecosistemi. I quadri normativi, inclusa la Direttiva Quadro sulle Acque dell’UE e i piani d’azione sui farmaci, mirano ad affrontare questa problematica. Nonostante i numerosi progressi nella terapia, nel benessere animale, nel trattamento delle acque reflue e nelle soluzioni basate sulla natura, i farmaci possono rimanere persistenti nell’ambiente, richiedendo pratiche farmaceutiche sostenibili e ricerche ecotossicologiche per tutelare la salute ambientale e pubblica. L’ivermectina (IVM), un farmaco antiparassitario ampiamente utilizzato in medicina veterinaria, gioca un ruolo cruciale nel trattamento delle infezioni parassitarie nel bestiame. Tuttavia, la sua diffusa applicazione solleva preoccupazioni riguardo ai suoi potenziali impatti ambientali, in particolare nei sistemi di allevamento suino. Questa tesi di dottorato indaga il rilevamento, il destino ambientale e le conseguenze ecologiche dei residui di IVM nelle aziende suinicole, nonché i loro effetti sulla salute intestinale, fornendo spunti per pratiche sostenibili di gestione del bestiame e implicazioni per la salute globale (One Health). È stato sviluppato e convalidato un metodo analitico basato su HPLC-DAD e, successivamente, su LC-MS/MS per il rilevamento di IVM in diverse matrici, tra cui feci, letame, acque reflue e suolo. Il metodo ha dimostrato alta sensibilità, precisione e robustezza, con limiti di quantificazione fino a 1,5 µg/kg, evidenziando la sua utilità in ecotossicologia e nel monitoraggio ambientale. I risultati hanno mostrato che i residui di IVM si accumulano principalmente nelle feci e nel suolo, con concentrazioni non rilevabili nel letame o nelle acque reflue. Questo accumulo sottolinea i potenziali rischi per gli organismi non bersaglio. La ricerca ha anche esplorato i percorsi ecologici dei residui di IVM, rivelando differenze nei profili di escrezione dei residui tra le vie di somministrazione orale e iniettabile. Le formulazioni iniettabili hanno prodotto concentrazioni più elevate per un periodo più lungo, mentre il trattamento orale ha mostrato un picco iniziale più elevato, ma le concentrazioni erano significativamente inferiori dieci giorni dopo il trattamento. Questi risultati evidenziano l’importanza delle vie di somministrazione nella valutazione degli impatti ambientali dei farmaci veterinari. Inoltre, questa ricerca è la prima a documentare gli effetti del trattamento con IVM sulla microbiota intestinale delle scrofe. I dati hanno mostrato che il trattamento con IVM ha alterato significativamente la composizione della microbiota intestinale, suscitando preoccupazioni riguardo le potenziali implicazioni a lungo termine per la salute animale e la resistenza antimicrobica. Questa tesi contribuisce alla crescente comprensione degli impatti ambientali ed ecologici dei residui farmacologici veterinari. Affrontando lacune critiche nel rilevamento analitico, nei percorsi dei residui e negli effetti microbici, sottolinea l’importanza di pratiche di gestione sostenibile del bestiame. I risultati sostenengono l’adozione di approcci integrati One Health per ridurre l’impronta ambientale dei farmaci veterinari, tutelando la salute degli animali e degli ecosistemi.
Tracciamento dei residui di ivermectina negli allevamenti suini: dagli approcci di trattamento agli impatti ambientali
Alicia Maria, Carrillo Heredero;
2025
Abstract
Pharmaceutical residues, particularly active pharmaceutical ingredients, have become significant environmental pollutants, with their impact extending across ecosystems and affecting public health. Veterinary pharmaceuticals are a major source of contamination, introduced through livestock excretion, manure application, and surface runoff, with different administration routes posing different environmental risks. Chronic environmental exposure to active pharmaceutical ingredients contributes to antimicrobial resistance, behavioral changes, reduced fertility, and biodiversity loss in wildlife. Efforts to mitigate pharmaceutical pollution align with global sustainability goals, such as the UN’s Sustainable Development Goals, emphasizing responsible consumption and protection of ecosystems. Regulatory frameworks, including the EU Water Framework Directive and action plans on pharmaceuticals, aim to address this issue. Despite numerous advancements in therapy, animal welfare, wastewater treatment, and nature-based solutions, drugs may remain persistent in the environment, necessitating sustainable pharmaceutical practices and ecotoxicological research to safeguard environmental and public health. Ivermectin (IVM), a widely used antiparasitic drug in veterinary medicine, plays a critical role in managing parasitic infections in livestock. However, its widespread application raises concerns about its potential environmental impacts, particularly in swine farming systems. This PhD thesis investigates the detection, environmental fate, and ecological consequences of IVM residues in swine farms, as well as their effects on gut health, providing insights into sustainable livestock management practices and One Health implications. An analytical method using HPLC-DAD and, subsequently, LC-MS/MS were developed and validated for detecting IVM in various matrices, including feces, slurry, wastewater, and soil. The method demonstrated high sensitivity, precision, and robustness, with limits of quantification as low as 1.5 µg/kg, highlighting its utility in ecotoxicology and environmental monitoring. The findings showed that IVM residues predominantly accumulated in feces and soil, with no detectable concentrations in slurry or wastewater samples. This accumulation underscores the potential risks to non-target organisms. The research also explored the ecological pathways of IVM residues, revealing differences in residue excretion profiles between oral and injectable administration routes. Injectable formulations resulted in higher concentrations over a long period, while the oral treatment showed an initial higher peak in concentration, but the concentrations were significantly lower 10 days after treatment. These findings highlight the importance of administration routes in assessing the environmental impacts of veterinary pharmaceuticals. Additionally, this research is the first to document the effects of IVM treatment on the gut microbiota of sows. The data demonstrated that IVM treatment significantly altered gut microbiota composition, raising concerns about potential long-term implications for animal health and antimicrobial resistance. This thesis contributes to the growing understanding of veterinary pharmaceutical residues’ environmental and ecological impacts. By addressing critical gaps in analytical detection, residue pathways, and microbial effects, it underscores the importance of sustainable livestock management practices. These findings advocate for integrated One Health approaches to mitigate the environmental footprint of veterinary drugs while safeguarding animal and ecosystem health.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14242/213366
URN:NBN:IT:UNIPR-213366