Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most common and aggressive type of brain cancer in adults, known for its high recurrence, fast growth, and significant resistance to standard treatments. Although there have been improvements in surgical methods, radiotherapy, and chemotherapy, the poor selectivity of the antineoplastic drugs to malignant cells over normal cells is the main reason for their toxicity. The management of GBM continues to represent a major challenge, with a median survival of only 14 months for patients. This grim outlook has led to a rise in interest in alternative and complementary treatment methods, especially the use of natural substances as adjuvant chemotherapic agent for their healing effects in cancer care. Lavandula angustifolia, a medicinal plant, has been used as traditional remedies in various cultures for the past thirty years due to its anti-inflammatory and anti-cancer abilities. This healing plant might offer effective treatment choices for several conditions, such as osteoarthritis, Alzheimer’s disease and several types of cancer. In addition, it has been proven that the essential oils taken from these healing herbs can disrupt many of the cancer-causing features of tumors. Lavender essential oil (LEO), made from L. angustifolia flowers, mentioned earlier, contains active compounds that exert important biological effects affecting key signaling pathways involved in cell death, growth, and differentiation. Recent studies indicate that terpenes like borneol, linalool, and 1,8-cineole, found in essential oils, can slow down the cell cycle and trigger cell death in different cancer cells. Also, terpinen-4-ol has strong antioxidant properties, shown by its ability to help maintain oxidative metabolism balance, both in vitro and in vivo. There is no information in the literature about the effects of LEO on GBM models, but it was recently reported that terpinen-4-ol and borneol causes cell death and increases the effectiveness of Temozolomide (TMZ) in glioma cells, respectively. In this context, our study aimed to investigate how LEO and its terpenic component affect the cancerous properties of the human U87MG GBM cell line in an in vitro model. The administration of sub-lethal LEO concentrations was employed to exclude non-specific cytotoxicity phenomena. Our research shows that LEO affects U87MG cell growth and migration, and it reduces oxidative stress in the GBM cell line. Specifically, we showed that LEO slows down growth of U87MG and enhances the effects of TMZ on these cells. Furthermore, the growth inhibition of U87MG is linked to an unusual co-increase of cyclin D1 and p21, two important enzymes that regulate cell cycle. It has been noted that LEO impairs GBM cell migration abilities, and oxidative stress is reduced, as shown by lower levels of oxidized markers, 8-OH(d)G, which indicates oxidative damage to DNA, and 4-HNE, which marks lipid damage. Among the analysed terpenes in LEO, terpinen-4-ol, even though it appears in low amounts, showed significant antiproliferative activity in U87MG cell line, both alone and with TMZ, increasing the expression of cell cycle regulators. Terpinen-4-ol also induces a notable change in GBM cell movement and lowers cell oxidative damage by affecting levels of 8-OH(d)G and 4HNE. Finally, terpinen-4-ol fully mirrors the effects of LEO on the cancer-related traits of GBM cells, suggesting that it may be, at least in part, responsible for LEO's anticancer activity.
Il glioblastoma (GBM) è il tipo di tumore cerebrale più comune e aggressivo negli adulti, noto per le sue elevate recidive, la rapida crescita e la significativa resistenza ai trattamenti standard. Nonostante i miglioramenti apportati ai metodi chirurgici, alla radioterapia e alla chemioterapia, la scarsa selettività dei farmaci antineoplastici verso le cellule maligne rispetto a quelle normali è la causa principale della loro tossicità. La gestione del GBM rappresenta una sfida importante, con una sopravvivenza media di soli 14 mesi per i pazienti. Questa triste prospettiva ha portato a un crescente interesse per le terapie alternative e complementari, in particolare l'uso di sostanze naturali come agenti chemioterapici adiuvanti per la cura del cancro. Lavandula angustifolia, una pianta officinale, è stata utilizzata come rimedio tradizionale in varie culture negli ultimi trent'anni grazie alle sue capacità antinfiammatorie e antitumorali. Potrebbe offrire scelte terapeutiche efficaci per diverse patologie, come l'osteoartrite, il morbo di Alzheimer e vari tipi di cancro. Inoltre, è stato dimostrato che gli oli essenziali ricavati da queste piante curative possono influenzare molte delle caratteristiche cancerogene. L'olio essenziale di lavanda (LEO), ricavato dai fiori di L.angustifolia, contiene composti attivi come il borneolo, il linalolo e l'1,8-cineolo, esercenti importanti effetti biologici nelle vie di segnalazione chiave coinvolte nella morte, nella crescita e nel differenziamento cellulare. Inoltre, il terpinen-4-olo influisce sull'equilibrio del metabolismo ossidativo, sia in vitro che in vivo. In letteratura non ci sono informazioni sugli effetti di LEO su modelli di GBM, ma recentemente è stato riportato che il terpinen-4-olo causa la morte cellulare ed il borneolo aumenta l'efficacia della Temozolomide (TMZ) nelle cellule umane di glioma. In questo contesto, obiettivo del nostro studio è stato quello di indagare come LEO ed il terpinen-4-ol influenzino le proprietà cancerogene della linea cellulare umana di GBM, le U87MG. La somministrazione di concentrazioni sub-letali di LEO è stata impiegata per escludere fenomeni di citotossicità non specifici. La nostra ricerca dimostra che LEO influisce sulla crescita, sulla migrazione e riduce lo stress ossidativo nelle cellule U87MG. In particolare, abbiamo dimostrato che LEO rallenta la crescita di U87MG e potenzia gli effetti della TMZ su queste cellule. Inoltre, l'inibizione della crescita di U87MG è legata a un insolito co-incremento di ciclina D1 e p21, due importanti enzimi che regolano il ciclo cellulare. È stato osservato che il LEO compromette le capacità migratorie delle cellule GBM e che lo stress ossidativo si riduca, come dimostrato dalla riduzione dei livelli dei marcatori del danno ossidativo al DNA (8-OH(d)G) e del danno lipidico (4-HNE). Tra i terpeni del LEO utilizzati, il terpinen-4-olo, presente alla concentrazione più bassa, ha mostrato una significativa attività antiproliferativa nelle U87MG, sia da solo che con la TMZ, aumentando l'espressione dei regolatori del ciclo cellulare. Il terpinen-4-olo induce anche un notevole cambiamento nel movimento delle cellule di GBM e riduce il danno ossidativo cellulare influenzando i livelli di 8-OH(d)G e 4-HNE. In conclusione, il terpinen-4-olo riproduce gli effetti di LEO sulle caratteristiche cancerogene delle cellule di GBM, suggerendo che possa essere, almeno in parte, responsabile dell'attività antitumorale di LEO.
The impact of lavender essential oil on the oncogenic properties of human GBM cells
RUSSO, Miriam
2025
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most common and aggressive type of brain cancer in adults, known for its high recurrence, fast growth, and significant resistance to standard treatments. Although there have been improvements in surgical methods, radiotherapy, and chemotherapy, the poor selectivity of the antineoplastic drugs to malignant cells over normal cells is the main reason for their toxicity. The management of GBM continues to represent a major challenge, with a median survival of only 14 months for patients. This grim outlook has led to a rise in interest in alternative and complementary treatment methods, especially the use of natural substances as adjuvant chemotherapic agent for their healing effects in cancer care. Lavandula angustifolia, a medicinal plant, has been used as traditional remedies in various cultures for the past thirty years due to its anti-inflammatory and anti-cancer abilities. This healing plant might offer effective treatment choices for several conditions, such as osteoarthritis, Alzheimer’s disease and several types of cancer. In addition, it has been proven that the essential oils taken from these healing herbs can disrupt many of the cancer-causing features of tumors. Lavender essential oil (LEO), made from L. angustifolia flowers, mentioned earlier, contains active compounds that exert important biological effects affecting key signaling pathways involved in cell death, growth, and differentiation. Recent studies indicate that terpenes like borneol, linalool, and 1,8-cineole, found in essential oils, can slow down the cell cycle and trigger cell death in different cancer cells. Also, terpinen-4-ol has strong antioxidant properties, shown by its ability to help maintain oxidative metabolism balance, both in vitro and in vivo. There is no information in the literature about the effects of LEO on GBM models, but it was recently reported that terpinen-4-ol and borneol causes cell death and increases the effectiveness of Temozolomide (TMZ) in glioma cells, respectively. In this context, our study aimed to investigate how LEO and its terpenic component affect the cancerous properties of the human U87MG GBM cell line in an in vitro model. The administration of sub-lethal LEO concentrations was employed to exclude non-specific cytotoxicity phenomena. Our research shows that LEO affects U87MG cell growth and migration, and it reduces oxidative stress in the GBM cell line. Specifically, we showed that LEO slows down growth of U87MG and enhances the effects of TMZ on these cells. Furthermore, the growth inhibition of U87MG is linked to an unusual co-increase of cyclin D1 and p21, two important enzymes that regulate cell cycle. It has been noted that LEO impairs GBM cell migration abilities, and oxidative stress is reduced, as shown by lower levels of oxidized markers, 8-OH(d)G, which indicates oxidative damage to DNA, and 4-HNE, which marks lipid damage. Among the analysed terpenes in LEO, terpinen-4-ol, even though it appears in low amounts, showed significant antiproliferative activity in U87MG cell line, both alone and with TMZ, increasing the expression of cell cycle regulators. Terpinen-4-ol also induces a notable change in GBM cell movement and lowers cell oxidative damage by affecting levels of 8-OH(d)G and 4HNE. Finally, terpinen-4-ol fully mirrors the effects of LEO on the cancer-related traits of GBM cells, suggesting that it may be, at least in part, responsible for LEO's anticancer activity.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14242/214084
URN:NBN:IT:UNIMOL-214084