The Mutual Relation between Egypt and the Northern Levant in the Middle Bronze Age (2000-1500 BC) through the lens of Byblos' Object Deposits

This study examines Egyptian-Byblite relations during the early Middle Bronze Age (c. 2000-1700 BCE) through a comprehensive analysis of votive deposits from the temple precincts of Byblos. As a key nexus in Egypt-Levant interactions, Byblos presents a complex archaeological record of cross-cultural exchange, particularly evident in the presence of Egyptian and Egyptianising artefacts within ritual deposits. Despite extensive scholarly attention, fundamental questions remain regarding the quantity, chronology, formation processes, and socio-religious significance of these assemblages. The research addresses four unresolved issues. First, the precise number of deposits remains contested due to inconsistent early excavation records and varying definitions of "deposit." Secondly, chronological debates persist, as attributions to EB IV–MB II are complicated by stratigraphic ambiguities and the extended use-life of certain artefact types (e.g., bronze figurines and weapons). Thirdly, depositional methods appear heterogeneous, ranging from the gradual accumulation of temple offerings to intentional, single-event placements, as suggested by typological clustering and object distributions. Lastly, interpretations oscillate between votive dedications, economic reserves, and structured ritual depositions, reflecting the site's dual sacred-economic function. Through a systematic re-examination of architectural contexts, artefact typologies, and Egyptian/hybrid objects, this study demonstrates that the deposits represent diverse practices rather than a singular phenomenon. While Egyptian materials held cultural significance, their deposition followed local Byblite ritual frameworks, indicating selective appropriation rather than direct imitation. These findings challenge linear narratives of Egyptian influence, instead highlighting Byblos' agency in mediating intercultural exchange. By integrating previously fragmented data, this study advances a nuanced model for understanding votive deposition as both a religious practice and a mechanism for managing temple economies.