Novel protocols for the formation of carbon-carbon bonds on azoles via C-H functionalization

This thesis discusses the development of new protocols for carbon-carbon bond formation on azoles via C-H functionalization. The main goal is the direct synthesis of C(sp2)-C(sp2) (direct arylation), C(sp2)-C(sp3) (direct alkylation), and C(sp2)-C(sp) (direct alkynylation) bonds, with applications in pharmaceuticals, materials science, and optoelectronics. The research explores various catalytic and non-catalytic strategies, including palladium-catalyzed direct arylation of bioactive heterocycles and luminescent materials, as well as the use of eco-friendly solvents to improve reaction efficiency. A metal-free approach based on diazonium salts for imidazole arylation is also investigated. Additionally, a direct alkylation protocol is developed through a Minisci-type mechanism, utilizing carboxylic acids as green and cost-effective precursors. Finally, a previously established method for direct alkynylation is extended to the synthesis of fluorophores for luminescent solar concentrators.