The increasing demand for raw materials essential to the ecological transition has raised mounting concerns. A key issue lies in the fact that many of these materials are controlled by a few countries, particularly China, which holds a near-monopoly. To reduce this dependency, the European Union has implemented various measures to ensure a more resilient and sustainable supply of such “critical” raw materials. Among these, the Critical Raw Materials Act (CRMA), approved in May 2024, represents the most recent initiative. In this context, it is crucial to focus research on alternative sources of critical raw materials, including recycling, exploration of new deposits, both conventional and unconventional, and environmentally responsible supply processes. One promising strategy involves the reuse of extractive waste (EW) from the mining and quarrying industry. This not only contributes to securing raw material supply but also supports environmental protection, given that such waste may cause pollution, land consumption, and landscape degradation. This doctoral thesis investigates the valorization of granite EW from the Buddusò-Alà dei Sardi quarrying district (Sardinia, Italy). This region, once a prominent granite production hub, has suffered severe economic decline due to international competition, resulting in large accumulations of EW that pose environmental and logistical challenges. Enhancing the value of such waste, particularly for critical raw material recovery, could yield environmental, economic, and social benefits while supporting EU strategic goals. The research included geochemical and petrographic characterization of the granite EW, testing processing techniques to concentrate critical minerals, evaluate the hazardousness of EW, and EW volume estimation. The granite EW belongs to the U2 magmatic suite of the Sardinian–Corsican batholith, and primarily consists of quartz, plagioclase, K-feldspar, and biotite, with accessory allanite—a REE-rich member of the epidote group. Although historically overlooked, allanite may gain strategic importance given the rising demand for REEs, in line with CRMA targets. Experimental processing of the waste, including crushing, sieving, and magnetic separation, yielded: diamagnetic fractions (~70%): quartz- and feldspar-rich, low in Fe, Ti, and Mg; suitable for high-quality ceramics; Crushing powders (~21.6%): enriched in REEs, with potential economic interest if further refined; magnetic fractions: weakly paramagnetic materials showed REE concentrations up to 12695 ppm, with scandium content sufficient for classification as deposits. Highly paramagnetic and ferromagnetic fractions contained elevated REE and gallium levels. Preliminary economic estimates suggest a potential value ranging from EUR 27.63 to 93.12 million, for recoverable critical raw materials contained in the waste at the quarry under investigation, which hosts between 1.74 and 2.64 million tons of EW. Partial estimates for other quarries in the district indicate a total of 5.57 to 7.96 million tons of EW, underscoring the need to extend investigations to currently undocumented sites. This suggests that transferring the findings of this doctoral research to other quarries in the district could yield significant economic and environmental benefits. Leaching tests confirmed the inert nature of the waste, suggesting minimal environmental risks and good reuse potential. However, granite waste still poses slope stability issues and occupies valuable land. Rehabilitation of the quarry areas could integrate cultural and historical dimensions by leveraging the link between granite quarries and nearby archaeological sites. Proposed actions include creating a “Granite Trail” and establishing a centralized waste processing hub to generate environmental and economic benefits.
La crescente domanda di materie prime necessarie alla transizione ecologica ha sollevato preoccupazioni crescenti, in particolare per la concentrazione del loro controllo in pochi Paesi, come la Cina. Per ridurre tale dipendenza, l’UE ha adottato varie misure per un approvvigionamento più resiliente e sostenibile delle materie prime critiche (CRM), tra cui il Critical Raw Materials Act (CRMA), varato nel maggio 2024. In questo contesto, è fondamentale indirizzare la ricerca verso fonti alternative di CRM, tramite attività di riciclo, esplorazione di nuovi giacimenti (convenzionali e non) e processi sostenibili. Una strategia promettente è il riutilizzo dei residui estrattivi derivanti da attività minerarie e di cava. Questo approccio favorisce la sicurezza dell’approvvigionamento e riduce l’impatto ambientale, dato che tali scarti possono causare inquinamento, consumo di suolo e degrado paesaggistico. Questa tesi di dottorato esplora le potenzialità di valorizzazione degli sfridi di estrazione del granito nel distretto di Buddusò-Alà dei Sardi (Sardegna, Italia). Un tempo tra i leader mondiali nella produzione di granito ornamentale, la Sardegna ha vissuto un forte declino economico a causa della concorrenza internazionale. Oggi, l’isola presenta grandi accumuli di sfridi, che pongono sfide ambientali e gestionali. La valorizzazione di questi materiali, soprattutto per il recupero di CRM, potrebbe portare benefici ambientali, economici e sociali, contribuendo agli obiettivi strategici dell’UE. La ricerca ha incluso: caratterizzazione geochimica e petrografica degli sfridi; sperimentazione di tecniche di trattamento per concentrare i minerali contenenti CRM; valutazione della pericolosità dei materiali e stima dei volumi di scarto. Gli sfridi appartengono alla suite magmatica U2 del batolite sardo-corso e sono composti principalmente da quarzo, plagioclasio, K-feldspato e biotite, con presenza accessoria di allanite, un minerale del gruppo degli epidoti, ricco in terre rare (REE). Sebbene trascurata in passato, l’allanite potrebbe acquisire un grande interesse strategico per la crescente domanda di REE, in linea con il CRMA. I trattamenti sperimentali (frantumazione, vagliatura, separazione gravimetrica e magnetica) hanno prodotto: frazioni diamagnetiche (~70%), ricche in quarzo e feldspati, a basso tenore di Fe, Ti e Mg, idonee per ceramiche di alta qualità; polveri da frantumazione (~21,6%), arricchite in REE, economicamente interessanti se ulteriormente lavorate; frazioni magnetiche: le debolmente paramagnetiche mostrano REE fino a 12695 ppm e contenuti di scandio classificabili come deposito. Le altamente paramagnetiche e ferromagnetiche hanno elevati tenori di REE e gallio. Le stime economiche preliminari indicano un valore potenziale tra 27.63 e 93.12 milioni di euro per le CRM contenute nei rifiuti della cava studiata (1,74–2,64 Mt di sfridi). Stime parziali su altre cave indicano un totale di 5.57–7.96 Mt di scarti, suggerendo la necessità di estendere l’indagine. Il trasferimento dei risultati a tutto il distretto potrebbe generare rilevanti benefici ambientali ed economici. Le prove di lisciviazione confermano la natura inerte degli sfridi, con rischio ambientale minimo e buon potenziale di riutilizzo. Tuttavia, gli accumuli continuano a rappresentare un rischio per la stabilità dei versanti e occupano aree di valore. La riqualificazione delle aree estrattive può integrare anche aspetti culturali e storici, valorizzando il legame tra le cave e i siti archeologici. Tra le proposte: un “Sentiero del Granito” e un centro di trattamento centralizzato per gli scarti, con positive ricadute ambientali, sociali ed economiche.
Waste treatment: reperimento di Critical Raw Materials dalle discariche di sfridi di rocce ornamentali granitoidi
AQUILANO, ANTONELLO
2025
Abstract
The increasing demand for raw materials essential to the ecological transition has raised mounting concerns. A key issue lies in the fact that many of these materials are controlled by a few countries, particularly China, which holds a near-monopoly. To reduce this dependency, the European Union has implemented various measures to ensure a more resilient and sustainable supply of such “critical” raw materials. Among these, the Critical Raw Materials Act (CRMA), approved in May 2024, represents the most recent initiative. In this context, it is crucial to focus research on alternative sources of critical raw materials, including recycling, exploration of new deposits, both conventional and unconventional, and environmentally responsible supply processes. One promising strategy involves the reuse of extractive waste (EW) from the mining and quarrying industry. This not only contributes to securing raw material supply but also supports environmental protection, given that such waste may cause pollution, land consumption, and landscape degradation. This doctoral thesis investigates the valorization of granite EW from the Buddusò-Alà dei Sardi quarrying district (Sardinia, Italy). This region, once a prominent granite production hub, has suffered severe economic decline due to international competition, resulting in large accumulations of EW that pose environmental and logistical challenges. Enhancing the value of such waste, particularly for critical raw material recovery, could yield environmental, economic, and social benefits while supporting EU strategic goals. The research included geochemical and petrographic characterization of the granite EW, testing processing techniques to concentrate critical minerals, evaluate the hazardousness of EW, and EW volume estimation. The granite EW belongs to the U2 magmatic suite of the Sardinian–Corsican batholith, and primarily consists of quartz, plagioclase, K-feldspar, and biotite, with accessory allanite—a REE-rich member of the epidote group. Although historically overlooked, allanite may gain strategic importance given the rising demand for REEs, in line with CRMA targets. Experimental processing of the waste, including crushing, sieving, and magnetic separation, yielded: diamagnetic fractions (~70%): quartz- and feldspar-rich, low in Fe, Ti, and Mg; suitable for high-quality ceramics; Crushing powders (~21.6%): enriched in REEs, with potential economic interest if further refined; magnetic fractions: weakly paramagnetic materials showed REE concentrations up to 12695 ppm, with scandium content sufficient for classification as deposits. Highly paramagnetic and ferromagnetic fractions contained elevated REE and gallium levels. Preliminary economic estimates suggest a potential value ranging from EUR 27.63 to 93.12 million, for recoverable critical raw materials contained in the waste at the quarry under investigation, which hosts between 1.74 and 2.64 million tons of EW. Partial estimates for other quarries in the district indicate a total of 5.57 to 7.96 million tons of EW, underscoring the need to extend investigations to currently undocumented sites. This suggests that transferring the findings of this doctoral research to other quarries in the district could yield significant economic and environmental benefits. Leaching tests confirmed the inert nature of the waste, suggesting minimal environmental risks and good reuse potential. However, granite waste still poses slope stability issues and occupies valuable land. Rehabilitation of the quarry areas could integrate cultural and historical dimensions by leveraging the link between granite quarries and nearby archaeological sites. Proposed actions include creating a “Granite Trail” and establishing a centralized waste processing hub to generate environmental and economic benefits.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14242/218586
URN:NBN:IT:UNIFE-218586