Introduction: Stroke and multiple sclerosis (MS) represent a major cause of acquired adult disability worldwide. Upper limb (UL) impairments are often present, and they critically impact subjects’ independence and quality of life. Neurorehabilitation is aimed to boost experience-dependent neural plasticity to improve brain functioning due to neurological disorders, and Virtual Reality (VR) offers the chance to provide a more intensive learning experience including individualized and enriched practice environments. Due to the hardware’s cost-effectiveness, Head Mounted Display (HMD) immersive VR systems are currently the focus of intense research, while their clinical applicability is still partially explored. Aims: This research pathway was focused on developing and clinically testing an HMD IVR system for UL motor rehabilitation in neurologically impaired subjects; therefore, we synthesize the existing knowledge on HMD use for improving UL impairment in post-stroke patients. Methods: In the first paper we described the technological characteristics of the designed HMD system, testing its feasibility in a cohort of 16 stroke survivors through a single-session exposure. In the second paper, we explored the kinematic reliability of UL clinically meaningful parameters recorded through HMD and compared with a marker-based reference system, involving 14 post-stroke subjects in a cross-sectional study. Therefore, we systematically collected published evidence on HMDs’ effectiveness in improving UL functioning in post-stroke people including multisession clinical studies, summarized in a scoping review (paper 3). Lastly, we investigated the HMD-system feasibility in MS people focusing on clinical correlations across fatigue, embodiment, and motor performance in a single-session clinical project. Results: Concerning the feasibility and the clinical acceptability of the HMD-based system developed, all patients reported high tolerability rates, and no subjects reported adverse events or discomfort symptoms across post-stroke and MS people. The HMD used proved to detect hand position estimation and hand peak velocities in close agreement to those recorded by a reference marker-based system in people after stroke (maximum distance: mean slope = 0.94 ± 0.1; peak velocity: mean slope = 1.06 ± 0.12). Additionally, HMD applications showed beneficial effects in increasing UL motor function in adult chronic stroke survivors, with positive consequences in subjects’ arm use and independence. Besides, in people with MS experiencing an IVR session through HMD, fatigue showed a significant role in determining the rate of embodiment experienced, affecting the consequent UL motor performance. Discussion and Conclusions: IVR-HMD-based system represents a valuable clinical tool to improve UL motor rehabilitation in patients affected by neurological disorders (i.e., stroke, MS), potentially enhancing motor learning processes in an amplified scenario. HMD exposure showed large acceptability and high tolerability rates both in stroke and MS people. Further clinical investigations are needed in order to analyze neurophysiological correlates to neurological recovery, embodiment perception, and motor behavior in subacute stroke subjects and in MS people, other than testing remote and combined applications.
Introduzione: L’ictus cerebrale e la sclerosi multipla (SM) rappresentano primarie cause di disabilità acquisita in età adulta al mondo. Menomazioni all’arto superiore (AS) sono spesso presenti e impattano fortemente sull’indipendenza e qualità di vita dei soggetti. La neuroriabilitazione ha l’obiettivo di incrementare la plasticità neurale esperienza-dipendente al fine di migliorare il funzionamento cerebrale compromesso da patologie neurologiche; la Realtà Virtuale (RV) offre la possibilità di erogare un’esperienza di apprendimento intensiva in ambienti personalizzati ed arricchiti. In considerazione del rapporto costo-efficacia dell’hardware, sistemi di RV immersiva (RVI) tramite visori binoculari (Head-Mounted Displays, HMDs) sono attualmente oggetto di intensa ricerca scientifica nonostante la applicabilità clinica sia stata ancora parzialmente indagata. Obiettivi: Questo percorso di ricerca è stato finalizzato allo sviluppo e alla sperimentazione clinica di un sistema di RVI tramite HMD per la riabilitazione neuromotoria dell’AS in soggetti con disabilità neurologica; inoltre, è stata sintetizzata la letteratura scientifica corrente rispetto all’efficacia degli HMDs per migliorare la menomazione dell’AS in pazienti post-stroke. Metodi: Nel primo articolo sono state descritte le caratteristiche tecnologiche del sistema HMD sviluppato, testandone la fattibilità in una coorte di 16 soggetti con esiti di stroke attraverso singola esposizione. Nel secondo articolo è stata analizzata l’affidabilità di parametri cinematici AS clinicamente rilevanti registrati attraverso HMD e confrontati con un sistema optoelettronico, includendo in uno studio trasversale 14 pazienti post-stroke. Successivamente, sono state sistematicamente raccolte le evidenze pubblicate sull’efficacia degli HMDs nell’incremento della funzionalità dell’AS in persone con esiti di ictus cerebrale tramite studi multisessione, sintetizzati in una scoping review (articolo 3). Infine, è stata analizzata la fattibilità del sistema con HMDs in soggetti con SM ricercando correlazioni cliniche tra fatigue, embodiment, e performance motoria in uno studio clinico a singola sessione. Risultati: Per quanto concerne la fattibilità e l’accettabilità clinica del sistema HMD sviluppato, tutti i pazienti hanno riportato elevati valori di tollerabilità e nessun soggetto ha riferito eventi indesiderati sia tra soggetti post-stroke che con SM. Il sistema utilizzato si è rivelato in grado di identificare la posizione stimata delle mani e la relativa velocità di picco in stretto accordo con quanto registrato da un sistema di analisi cinematica di riferimento in pazienti stroke (distanza massima: pendenza media=0.94±0.1; velocità di picco: pendenza media=1.06±0.12). Inoltre, applicazioni sperimentali rispetto all‘uso di HMDs hanno riscontrato effetti positivi nell’incremento della funzione motoria dell’AS in adulti con stroke cronico, inducendo conseguenze positive in termini di uso dell’arto e autonomia funzionale. Infine, in persone con SM sottoposte ad una sessione di RVI tramite HMD, la fatigue ha mostrato un ruolo significativo nel determinare l’entità di embodiment percepito, influenzando la performance motoria dell’AS. Discussione e Conclusioni: Sistemi di RVI-HMD rappresentano strumenti clinici rilevanti per incrementare la riabilitazione motoria dell’AS in pazienti con disordini neurologici (stroke, SM), potenzialmente utili per massimizzare processi di apprendimento motorio in uno scenario amplificato. L’esposizione ad HMD ha riscontrato vasta accettabilità e tollerabilità sia in persone con esiti di stroke che con SM. Ulteriori sperimentazioni cliniche sono necessarie al fine di analizzare correlati neurofisiologici a recupero neurologico, embodiment e comportamento motorio in soggetti stroke in fase subacuta e in persone con SM, oltre che indagare applicazioni da remoto e interventi combinati.
Immersive virtual reality for upper limb rehabilitation in patients with neurolpgical disorders
FREGNA, GIULIA
2025
Abstract
Introduction: Stroke and multiple sclerosis (MS) represent a major cause of acquired adult disability worldwide. Upper limb (UL) impairments are often present, and they critically impact subjects’ independence and quality of life. Neurorehabilitation is aimed to boost experience-dependent neural plasticity to improve brain functioning due to neurological disorders, and Virtual Reality (VR) offers the chance to provide a more intensive learning experience including individualized and enriched practice environments. Due to the hardware’s cost-effectiveness, Head Mounted Display (HMD) immersive VR systems are currently the focus of intense research, while their clinical applicability is still partially explored. Aims: This research pathway was focused on developing and clinically testing an HMD IVR system for UL motor rehabilitation in neurologically impaired subjects; therefore, we synthesize the existing knowledge on HMD use for improving UL impairment in post-stroke patients. Methods: In the first paper we described the technological characteristics of the designed HMD system, testing its feasibility in a cohort of 16 stroke survivors through a single-session exposure. In the second paper, we explored the kinematic reliability of UL clinically meaningful parameters recorded through HMD and compared with a marker-based reference system, involving 14 post-stroke subjects in a cross-sectional study. Therefore, we systematically collected published evidence on HMDs’ effectiveness in improving UL functioning in post-stroke people including multisession clinical studies, summarized in a scoping review (paper 3). Lastly, we investigated the HMD-system feasibility in MS people focusing on clinical correlations across fatigue, embodiment, and motor performance in a single-session clinical project. Results: Concerning the feasibility and the clinical acceptability of the HMD-based system developed, all patients reported high tolerability rates, and no subjects reported adverse events or discomfort symptoms across post-stroke and MS people. The HMD used proved to detect hand position estimation and hand peak velocities in close agreement to those recorded by a reference marker-based system in people after stroke (maximum distance: mean slope = 0.94 ± 0.1; peak velocity: mean slope = 1.06 ± 0.12). Additionally, HMD applications showed beneficial effects in increasing UL motor function in adult chronic stroke survivors, with positive consequences in subjects’ arm use and independence. Besides, in people with MS experiencing an IVR session through HMD, fatigue showed a significant role in determining the rate of embodiment experienced, affecting the consequent UL motor performance. Discussion and Conclusions: IVR-HMD-based system represents a valuable clinical tool to improve UL motor rehabilitation in patients affected by neurological disorders (i.e., stroke, MS), potentially enhancing motor learning processes in an amplified scenario. HMD exposure showed large acceptability and high tolerability rates both in stroke and MS people. Further clinical investigations are needed in order to analyze neurophysiological correlates to neurological recovery, embodiment perception, and motor behavior in subacute stroke subjects and in MS people, other than testing remote and combined applications.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14242/218628
URN:NBN:IT:UNIFE-218628