Understanding coastal systems is essential, not only because of their hydrodynamic and morphological characteristics, but also because of the biological processes they support. It is crucial to comprehend the interrelationship between estuaries and the coastal zones that connect them to the open ocean, particularly in light of the considerable anthropogenic pressures these areas are subjected to. This doctoral thesis investigates the hydrodynamics of two key coastal systems in southern Spain: The Gulf of Cádiz and the Guadalquivir River estuary. To gain insight into the impact of estuarine discharges on the Gulf of Cádiz continental shelf, it is essential to conduct a thorough investigation of both systems separately. This thesis presents a detailed study of the surface circulation patterns in the Gulf of Cádiz, the dominant hydrodynamics within the estuary, and the behavior of saltwater intrusion, with a particular focus on the influence of anthropogenic pressures. The main objective is to provide an unified understanding of both systems. The analysis of surface circulation patterns focuses on their origin, extent, and formation mechanisms along the Andalusian Atlantic coast, from the western Alboran Sea to the Gulf of Cádiz, using high-frequency radar observations and numerical simulations. Two principal circulation patterns have been identified: eastward currents and westward (countercurrents). The most significant finding is that the most intense coastal countercurrent events originate along the western margin of the Strait of Gibraltar and extend beyond Cape Santa Maria. These intense and extensive countercurrents, along with the eastward intensification of currents, appear to be triggered by a combination of local winds over the Gulf of Cádiz and additional remote forces, including: (i) wind forcing over the Alboran Sea and the eastern Strait of Gibraltar; and (ii) sea-level atmospheric pressure forcing in the western Mediterranean. This study highlights the significance of the hydrodynamic patterns generated by these forcing mechanisms, illustrating a quasigeostrophic adjustment along the coast across the entire region. Furthermore, the findings demonstrate how remote forcing effects can significantly impact hydrodynamic patterns in specific oceanographic regions. Following the analysis of the Gulf of Cádiz circulation, this report presents a detailed examination of the Guadalquivir estuary, focusing on two main aspects. A one-dimensional nonlinear hydrodynamic model was developed and applied to characterize the estuary's behavior, which is dominated by tidal action and anthropogenic pressures. The results show that the M2 tidal wave is significantly amplified towards the upper estuary as a result of the gradual deepening caused by multiple dredging operations. The estuary displays a marked propensity towards resonance, which is further intensified by deepening, reduced bottom friction and a smaller attenuation of tidal wave amplitude as it propagates. It is important to note that changes in the geometry of the estuary, particularly in its width, have a significant impact on the magnitude of the resonant response of the M2 tidal wave. The thesis concludes with an evaluation of saltwater intrusion in the estuary and the impact of human pressures. This is achieved using a 1D hydrodynamic model coupled with a advection and dispersion module, as well as observations from recent oceanographic campaigns (2021-2023) conducted during low-flow periods, which are common throughout most of the year. The study demonstrates that the natural behavior of the system has been significantly altered, with elevated salinity concentrations observed in the upper estuary. The findings indicate that water extractions for agricultural and industrial purposes are the primary contributors to the excessive penetration of salinity intrusion.
Comprendere i sistemi costieri è essenziale, non solo a causa delle loro caratteristiche idrodinamiche e morfologiche, ma anche per i processi biologici che supportano. È cruciale comprendere l'interrelazione tra gli estuari e le zone costiere che li collegano all'oceano aperto, in particolare alla luce delle considerevoli pressioni antropiche a cui sono sottoposte queste aree. Questa tesi di dottorato indaga le idrodinamiche di due importanti sistemi costieri nel sud della Spagna: il Golfo di Cadice e l'estuario del fiume Guadalquivir. Per ottenere informazioni sull'impatto dei deflussi estuarini sulla piattaforma continentale del Golfo di Cadice, è essenziale condurre un'indagine approfondita di entrambi i sistemi separatamente. Questa tesi presenta uno studio dettagliato dei modelli di circolazione superficiale nel Golfo di Cadice, delle idrodinamiche dominanti all'interno dell'estuario e del comportamento dell'intrusione di acqua salata, con particolare attenzione all'influenza delle pressioni antropiche. L'obiettivo principale è fornire una comprensione unificata di entrambi i sistemi. L'analisi dei modelli di circolazione superficiale si concentra sulla loro origine, estensione e meccanismi di formazione lungo la costa atlantica andalusa, dal mare di Alboran occidentale al Golfo di Cadice, utilizzando osservazioni radar ad alta frequenza e simulazioni numeriche. Sono stati identificati due principali modelli di circolazione: correnti verso est e verso ovest controcorrenti). La scoperta più significativa è che gli eventi di controcorrente costiera più intensi originano lungo il margine occidentale dello Stretto di Gibilterra e si estendono oltre Capo Santa Maria. Queste controcorrenti intense e estese, insieme all'intensificazione verso est delle correnti, sembrano essere innescate da una combinazione di venti locali sul Golfo di Cadice e di forze remote aggiuntive, tra cui: (i) forzatura del vento sul mare di Alboran e sull'est del Stretto di Gibilterra; e (ii) forzatura della pressione atmosferica al livello del mare nel Mediterraneo occidentale. Questo studio evidenzia l'importanza dei modelli idrodinamici generati da questi meccanismi di forzatura, illustrando un aggiustamento quasi geostrofico lungo la costa in tutta la regione. Inoltre, i risultati dimostrano come gli effetti di forzatura remota possano influenzare significativamente i modelli idrodinamici in specifiche regioni oceanografiche. Dopo l'analisi della circolazione del Golfo di Cadice, questo rapporto presenta un esame dettagliato dell'estuario del Guadalquivir, concentrandosi su due aspetti principali. È stato sviluppato e applicato un modello idrodinamico non lineare unidimensionale per caratterizzare il comportamento dell'estuario, che è dominato dall'azione delle maree e dalle pressioni antropiche. I risultati mostrano che l'onda di marea M2 è significativamente amplificata verso l'estuario superiore a causa del progressivo approfondimento causato da molteplici operazioni di dragaggio. L'estuario mostra una marcata propensione alla risonanza, ulteriormente intensificata dall'approfondimento, dalla riduzione dell'attrito sul fondo e da una minore attenuazione dell'ampiezza dell'onda di marea mentre si propaga. È importante notare che i cambiamenti nella geometria dell'estuario, in particolare nella sua larghezza, hanno un impatto significativo sull'ampiezza della risposta risonante dell'onda di marea M2. La tesi si conclude con una valutazione dell'intrusione di acqua salata nell'estuario e dell'impatto delle pressioni umane. Ciò è stato realizzato utilizzando un modello idrodinamico 1D accoppiato con un modulo di trasporto e dispersione, così come osservazioni da recenti campagne oceanografiche (2021-2023) condotte durante periodi di bassa portata, che sono comuni per la maggior parte dell'anno.
River discharge in the Gulf of Cadiz and their effect along its coastal strip and the strait of Gibraltar
SIRVIENTE ALONSO, SARA
2025
Abstract
Understanding coastal systems is essential, not only because of their hydrodynamic and morphological characteristics, but also because of the biological processes they support. It is crucial to comprehend the interrelationship between estuaries and the coastal zones that connect them to the open ocean, particularly in light of the considerable anthropogenic pressures these areas are subjected to. This doctoral thesis investigates the hydrodynamics of two key coastal systems in southern Spain: The Gulf of Cádiz and the Guadalquivir River estuary. To gain insight into the impact of estuarine discharges on the Gulf of Cádiz continental shelf, it is essential to conduct a thorough investigation of both systems separately. This thesis presents a detailed study of the surface circulation patterns in the Gulf of Cádiz, the dominant hydrodynamics within the estuary, and the behavior of saltwater intrusion, with a particular focus on the influence of anthropogenic pressures. The main objective is to provide an unified understanding of both systems. The analysis of surface circulation patterns focuses on their origin, extent, and formation mechanisms along the Andalusian Atlantic coast, from the western Alboran Sea to the Gulf of Cádiz, using high-frequency radar observations and numerical simulations. Two principal circulation patterns have been identified: eastward currents and westward (countercurrents). The most significant finding is that the most intense coastal countercurrent events originate along the western margin of the Strait of Gibraltar and extend beyond Cape Santa Maria. These intense and extensive countercurrents, along with the eastward intensification of currents, appear to be triggered by a combination of local winds over the Gulf of Cádiz and additional remote forces, including: (i) wind forcing over the Alboran Sea and the eastern Strait of Gibraltar; and (ii) sea-level atmospheric pressure forcing in the western Mediterranean. This study highlights the significance of the hydrodynamic patterns generated by these forcing mechanisms, illustrating a quasigeostrophic adjustment along the coast across the entire region. Furthermore, the findings demonstrate how remote forcing effects can significantly impact hydrodynamic patterns in specific oceanographic regions. Following the analysis of the Gulf of Cádiz circulation, this report presents a detailed examination of the Guadalquivir estuary, focusing on two main aspects. A one-dimensional nonlinear hydrodynamic model was developed and applied to characterize the estuary's behavior, which is dominated by tidal action and anthropogenic pressures. The results show that the M2 tidal wave is significantly amplified towards the upper estuary as a result of the gradual deepening caused by multiple dredging operations. The estuary displays a marked propensity towards resonance, which is further intensified by deepening, reduced bottom friction and a smaller attenuation of tidal wave amplitude as it propagates. It is important to note that changes in the geometry of the estuary, particularly in its width, have a significant impact on the magnitude of the resonant response of the M2 tidal wave. The thesis concludes with an evaluation of saltwater intrusion in the estuary and the impact of human pressures. This is achieved using a 1D hydrodynamic model coupled with a advection and dispersion module, as well as observations from recent oceanographic campaigns (2021-2023) conducted during low-flow periods, which are common throughout most of the year. The study demonstrates that the natural behavior of the system has been significantly altered, with elevated salinity concentrations observed in the upper estuary. The findings indicate that water extractions for agricultural and industrial purposes are the primary contributors to the excessive penetration of salinity intrusion.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14242/218683
URN:NBN:IT:UNIFE-218683