Orofacial clefts (OFCs) are among the most common congenital anomalies and the most common craniofacial anomalies in humans. The prevalence at birth varies geographically and by cleft subtypes, categorized as cleft palate (CP), cleft lip with or without cleft palate (CL/P) and cleft lip (CL). There is a male preponderance in CL/P and female in CP. The treatment for these anomalies is mainly surgical, however, a multidisciplinary approach is performed that involves health professionals from the time of diagnosis to follow-up in adulthood. For these reasons, the public health costs for an effective resolving treatment are extremely high. Most OFCs are non-syndromic (nsOFCs) (70%) and are caused by environmental exposures during early pregnancy and genetic factors. Genome-wide association studies (GWAs) have identified around 50 cleft loci, but these explain a small proportion of the heritability estimates. Exposures include tobacco smoke and aspects of nutrition. A less investigated aspect is pregnancy and obstetric factors, including the sex of the embryo, which could influence the survival of the proband. The thesis work was designed based on the assumptions of the Developmental Origins of the Health Disease (DoHAD) paradigm. Therefore, an investigation of the genetic, epigenetic and environmental exposure factors underlying nsOFC was conducted, adopting an approach based on the analysis of family trios and lip tissue. The genetic association was assessed by the transmission disequilibrium test (TDT) and the interaction with exposure factors was evaluated by log-linear relative risk (RR) regression analysis. The analysis based on the familial association study between two common variants of MTHFR and one of HLA-G, respectively, were carried out through the Italian case series from the PENTACLEFT Project. For rs16375 variant the log-linear regression analysis of genotype-associated relative risks showed opposite trends associated to nsCL/P risk in children considering the primiparae and multiparae pregnancies (p-value=3.6x10-5). From the results of the MTHFR variant analysis, a relationship emerged between the maternal genotype for rs1801131, the absence of folate in the first weeks of gestation and the occurrence of nsCL/P in the child (p-value=0.6x10-3). In addition, the association study between the GRHL3 variant and the development of nsCP in European cases was replicated within the EUROCRAN Project. The results showed a significant association between the genetic variant and the occurrence of nsCP, confirming previous studies and including evidence on the sex of the proband (p-value =4.8x10-2). Finally, epigenetic investigations were conducted on portions of labial tissue from the first correction surgery. The medial and lateral portions of the lip showed a significant mean difference in the global methylation levels of LINE-1 (p-value=0.022). Furthermore, considering the role of folates during embryonic development, the interaction of methylation levels observed in lip tissue with the genotype of the rs1801133 variant was evaluated. Specifically, a comparison between wild-type and homozygous genotypes for the recessive allele of the variant under study shows significant differences in the methylation profiles of the two lip portions (p-value=0.027). Although the statistical power of the thesis work precluded a more in-depth analysis, a relationship between maternal genotype, intrinsic pregnancy factors, the genotypes and sexes of probands and epigenetic aspects emerges. In addition, through the replication study, the potential implication of the GRHL3 variant in counselling is confirmed.
Le schisi orofacciali (OFC) sono tra le anomalie congenite più comuni e rappresentano le anomalie craniofacciali più frequenti negli esseri umani. La prevalenza alla nascita varia geograficamente e in base ai sottotipi di fessura, classificati come palatoschisi (CP), schsi del labbro con o senza schisi del palato (CL/P) e labioschisi (CL). Si osserva una maggiore incidenza nei maschi per CL/P e nelle femmine per CP. Il trattamento di queste anomalie è principalmente chirurgico; tuttavia, viene adottato un approccio multidisciplinare che coinvolge diversi professionisti sanitari, dalla diagnosi fino al follow-up in età adulta. La maggior parte delle OFC sono non sindromiche (nsOFC) (70%) e sono causate da fattori genetici e da esposizioni ambientali nelle prime fasi della gravidanza. Gli studi di associazione su tutto il genoma (GWAs) hanno identificato circa 50 loci associati alle schisi, ma questi spiegano solo una piccola parte dell'ereditarietà stimata. Le esposizioni ambientali includono il fumo di tabacco e aspetti legati alla nutrizione. Un aspetto meno studiato è rappresentato dai fattori legati alla gravidanza e all’ostetricia, inclusa la determinazione del sesso dell'embrione, che potrebbe influenzare la sopravvivenza del probando. Il lavoro di tesi è stato progettato sulla base dei presupposti del paradigma Developmental Origins of Health and Disease. Pertanto, è stata condotta un'indagine sui fattori genetici, epigenetici ed esposizionali che sottendono le nsOFC, adottando un approccio basato sull'analisi di triadi familiari e di tessuti labiali. L'associazione genetica è stata valutata attraverso il Transmission Disequilibrium Test, mentre l'interazione con i fattori di esposizione è stata analizzata mediante regressione log-lineare del rischio relativo (RR). L'analisi basata sullo studio di associazione familiare tra due varianti comuni di MTHFR e una di HLA-G è stata condotta utilizzando la casistica italiana del Progetto PENTACLEFT. Per la variante rs16375, l'analisi di regressione log-lineare dei rischi relativi associati al genotipo ha mostrato tendenze opposte nel rischio di nsCL/P nei bambini, a seconda che la gravidanza fosse di primipara o multipara (p-value=3,6×10⁻⁵). Dall'analisi delle varianti di MTHFR è emersa una relazione tra il genotipo materno per rs1801131, l’assenza di acido folico nelle prime settimane di gestazione e l'insorgenza di nsCL/P nel bambino (p-value=0,6×10⁻³). Lo studio di associazione tra la variante GRHL3 e lo sviluppo della nsCP nei casi europei è stato replicato nell'ambito del Progetto EUROCRAN. I risultati hanno evidenziato un'associazione significativa tra la variante genetica e l’insorgenza della nsCP, confermando studi precedenti e includendo prove relative al sesso del probando (p-value=4,8×10⁻²). Infine, sono state condotte analisi epigenetiche su porzioni di tessuto labiale ottenute dal primo intervento correttivo. Le porzioni mediale e laterale del labbro hanno mostrato una differenza media significativa nei livelli globali di metilazione di LINE-1 (p-value=0,022). Inoltre, considerando il ruolo dei folati nello sviluppo embrionale, è stata valutata l'interazione tra i livelli di metilazione osservati nel tessuto labiale e il genotipo della variante rs1801133. In particolare, il confronto tra i genotipi della variante in esame ha evidenziato differenze significative considerando i profili di metilazione delle due porzioni labiali (p-value=0,027). Sebbene la potenza statistica del lavoro di tesi abbia limitato un'analisi più approfondita, emerge una relazione tra il genotipo materno, fattori intrinseci della gravidanza, i genotipi e il sesso dei probandi, oltre agli aspetti epigenetici. Inoltre, attraverso lo studio di replicazione, è stata confermata la possibile implicazione della variante GRHL3 in ambito di consulenza genetica.
The interplay of genetics, epigenetics and maternal exposure factors in orofacial clefts
MAZDAI, LEILA
2025
Abstract
Orofacial clefts (OFCs) are among the most common congenital anomalies and the most common craniofacial anomalies in humans. The prevalence at birth varies geographically and by cleft subtypes, categorized as cleft palate (CP), cleft lip with or without cleft palate (CL/P) and cleft lip (CL). There is a male preponderance in CL/P and female in CP. The treatment for these anomalies is mainly surgical, however, a multidisciplinary approach is performed that involves health professionals from the time of diagnosis to follow-up in adulthood. For these reasons, the public health costs for an effective resolving treatment are extremely high. Most OFCs are non-syndromic (nsOFCs) (70%) and are caused by environmental exposures during early pregnancy and genetic factors. Genome-wide association studies (GWAs) have identified around 50 cleft loci, but these explain a small proportion of the heritability estimates. Exposures include tobacco smoke and aspects of nutrition. A less investigated aspect is pregnancy and obstetric factors, including the sex of the embryo, which could influence the survival of the proband. The thesis work was designed based on the assumptions of the Developmental Origins of the Health Disease (DoHAD) paradigm. Therefore, an investigation of the genetic, epigenetic and environmental exposure factors underlying nsOFC was conducted, adopting an approach based on the analysis of family trios and lip tissue. The genetic association was assessed by the transmission disequilibrium test (TDT) and the interaction with exposure factors was evaluated by log-linear relative risk (RR) regression analysis. The analysis based on the familial association study between two common variants of MTHFR and one of HLA-G, respectively, were carried out through the Italian case series from the PENTACLEFT Project. For rs16375 variant the log-linear regression analysis of genotype-associated relative risks showed opposite trends associated to nsCL/P risk in children considering the primiparae and multiparae pregnancies (p-value=3.6x10-5). From the results of the MTHFR variant analysis, a relationship emerged between the maternal genotype for rs1801131, the absence of folate in the first weeks of gestation and the occurrence of nsCL/P in the child (p-value=0.6x10-3). In addition, the association study between the GRHL3 variant and the development of nsCP in European cases was replicated within the EUROCRAN Project. The results showed a significant association between the genetic variant and the occurrence of nsCP, confirming previous studies and including evidence on the sex of the proband (p-value =4.8x10-2). Finally, epigenetic investigations were conducted on portions of labial tissue from the first correction surgery. The medial and lateral portions of the lip showed a significant mean difference in the global methylation levels of LINE-1 (p-value=0.022). Furthermore, considering the role of folates during embryonic development, the interaction of methylation levels observed in lip tissue with the genotype of the rs1801133 variant was evaluated. Specifically, a comparison between wild-type and homozygous genotypes for the recessive allele of the variant under study shows significant differences in the methylation profiles of the two lip portions (p-value=0.027). Although the statistical power of the thesis work precluded a more in-depth analysis, a relationship between maternal genotype, intrinsic pregnancy factors, the genotypes and sexes of probands and epigenetic aspects emerges. In addition, through the replication study, the potential implication of the GRHL3 variant in counselling is confirmed.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14242/218805
URN:NBN:IT:UNIFE-218805