The Italian Bankruptcy Law No. 3/2012 introduced the first framework of tools for the resolution of personal insolvency. However, the complex evolution of over-indebtedness in Italy has not yet come to an end, and in an attempt to overcome the issues that emerged in the interpretation and application of this initial regulatory framework, the approval of the Business Crisis and Insolvency Code, Legislative Decree No. 14/2019, was reached, which came into force only in July 2022. This was followed by the preparation of a corrective decree in June 2024. The institution of debt discharge (esdebitazione) – included within the rules on over-indebtedness – represents the key element of discontinuity with respect to the traditional tenets of private law. Its effect of "debt liberation" is common to both debt restructuring procedures (“ristrutturazione dei debiti del consumatore” and “concordato minore”) and liquidation procedures (“liquidazione controllata”), without considering the peculiar "non-procedural" remedy reserved for the insolvent debtor who is unable to pay. The issues under examination share two common elements: on the one hand, each of them impacts the scope of the debt discharge effect, either downstream, as in the case of the recognition of the right of recourse of co-debtors and guarantors against the discharged debtor, or upstream, as in the case of the reconstruction (more or less stringent) of the requirement of the debtor's deservingness or the notion of consumer, or even the judge's discretion over the satisfaction percentage offered by the debtor to creditors. On the other hand, each of these issues has traditionally been addressed with little pragmatism, often catering to concerns – certainly legitimate – about a potential disruption of fundamental principles in the law of obligations. The practical outcomes of these premises, however, have led to a contraction in the functionality of the legal framework, rendering it almost entirely ineffective in achieving the legislative goals. Therefore, in addressing the various issues, the preferred interpretative solutions have been those inspired by the logic of effectiveness, as they are the only ones capable of ensuring a meaningful effect for the personal insolvency regime and, ultimately, the only ones compatible with the general principles of the legal system (both national and supranational).
La Legge n. 3/2012 ha introdotto il primo assetto di strumenti per la risoluzione dell’insolvenza civile. Il travagliato percorso del sovraindebitamento in Italia, tuttavia, non si è ancora concluso e, nel tentativo di superare le criticità emerse nell’interpretazione e applicazione di questa prima disciplina, si è giunti fino all’approvazione del Codice della crisi d'impresa e dell'insolvenza, D. Lgs. n. 14/2019, entrato in vigore solo nel luglio 2022, nonché alla predisposizione di un decreto correttivo nel giugno del 2024. L’istituto dell’esdebitazione – accolto tra le norme sul sovraindebitamento – rappresenta il vero elemento di discontinuità rispetto ai tradizionali dogmi del diritto privato, il cui effetto di “liberazione dai debiti” accomuna tanto le procedure compositive (ristrutturazione dei debiti del consumatore e concordato minore), tanto quella liquidatoria (liquidazione controllata), senza considerare il peculiare rimedio “non procedurale” riservato al sovraindebitato incapiente. Le questioni che saranno oggetto d’esame presentano due elementi che le accomunano: da un lato, ciascuna di esse influisce sul perimetro di propagazione dell’effetto esdebitativo, ora a valle, come nel caso della riconoscibilità del diritto di rivalsa dei condebitori e garanti nei confronti del debitore esdebitato, ora a monte, come nel caso della ricostruzione (più o meno rigida) del requisito della meritevolezza del sovraindebitato o della nozione di consumatore o, ancora, degli spazi di sindacato del giudice sulla percentuale di soddisfo offerta dal debitore ai creditori. Dall’altro lato, ciascuno di questi problemi è stato da sempre affrontato con scarso pragmatismo, assecondando le preoccupazioni – beninteso lecite – di un potenziale stravolgimento dei principi fondamentali in materia di obbligazioni. Gli esiti applicativi mossi da queste premesse hanno tuttavia prodotto una contrazione delle funzionalità della disciplina, decretandone una quasi assoluta inefficacia rispetto ai propositi legislativi. Pertanto, nell’affrontare i diversi problemi, le soluzioni interpretative preferite sono state quelle ispirate alle logiche dell’effettività, in quanto le uniche capaci di assicurare un effetto utile alla disciplina sull’insolvenza civile e, in definitiva, le uniche compatibili con i principi generali dell’ordinamento (nazionale e sovranazionale).
Esdebitazione e principio di effettività. La tutela del sovraindebitato nel Codice della crisi.
MARANO, MARTINA
2025
Abstract
The Italian Bankruptcy Law No. 3/2012 introduced the first framework of tools for the resolution of personal insolvency. However, the complex evolution of over-indebtedness in Italy has not yet come to an end, and in an attempt to overcome the issues that emerged in the interpretation and application of this initial regulatory framework, the approval of the Business Crisis and Insolvency Code, Legislative Decree No. 14/2019, was reached, which came into force only in July 2022. This was followed by the preparation of a corrective decree in June 2024. The institution of debt discharge (esdebitazione) – included within the rules on over-indebtedness – represents the key element of discontinuity with respect to the traditional tenets of private law. Its effect of "debt liberation" is common to both debt restructuring procedures (“ristrutturazione dei debiti del consumatore” and “concordato minore”) and liquidation procedures (“liquidazione controllata”), without considering the peculiar "non-procedural" remedy reserved for the insolvent debtor who is unable to pay. The issues under examination share two common elements: on the one hand, each of them impacts the scope of the debt discharge effect, either downstream, as in the case of the recognition of the right of recourse of co-debtors and guarantors against the discharged debtor, or upstream, as in the case of the reconstruction (more or less stringent) of the requirement of the debtor's deservingness or the notion of consumer, or even the judge's discretion over the satisfaction percentage offered by the debtor to creditors. On the other hand, each of these issues has traditionally been addressed with little pragmatism, often catering to concerns – certainly legitimate – about a potential disruption of fundamental principles in the law of obligations. The practical outcomes of these premises, however, have led to a contraction in the functionality of the legal framework, rendering it almost entirely ineffective in achieving the legislative goals. Therefore, in addressing the various issues, the preferred interpretative solutions have been those inspired by the logic of effectiveness, as they are the only ones capable of ensuring a meaningful effect for the personal insolvency regime and, ultimately, the only ones compatible with the general principles of the legal system (both national and supranational).File | Dimensione | Formato | |
---|---|---|---|
Tesi_Esd e princ eff_finale.pdf
accesso aperto
Dimensione
1.89 MB
Formato
Adobe PDF
|
1.89 MB | Adobe PDF | Visualizza/Apri |
I documenti in UNITESI sono protetti da copyright e tutti i diritti sono riservati, salvo diversa indicazione.
https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14242/218842
URN:NBN:IT:UNICT-218842