Antiretroviral therapy (ART) has transformed the prognosis for individuals living with HIV (PLWH), reshaping what was once a fatal disease into a manageable condition. Unlike in the early days of the epidemic, people are now living longer and aging with HIV. This shift has led to significant epidemiological and demographic changes, presenting new public health and clinical challenges, particularly in terms of managing the aging process in individuals with long-term HIV infection. Indeed, despite the success of ART in controlling viral replication, residual immune alterations contribute to the development of a premature senescent phenotype in PLWH, resulting in a higher burden of age-related co-morbidities. Particularly, premature atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (CVD) has emerged as a leading cause of morbidity and mortality for PLWH in the era of effective ART, a trend that may be further exacerbated by life-long ART treatment. In this context, biomarkers that can monitor and predict the progression of premature aging and its related health implications in PLWH are needed. The objective of this study is to characterize premature senescence features during treated HIV infection at metabolic and immune level, unraveling mechanisms and consequences; moreover, we aim at investigating whether and which immunosenescence patterns can serve as a biomarker for premature aging in PLWH. Initially conducted in adults, this investigation was then extended to children living with HIV (CLWH) to understand how these features may differ across age groups, time occurred between diagnosis and treatment onset (untreated infection duration), and treatment history. Specifically, T cells from adult and children PLWH were analyzed to assess: - T cell differentiation, immune activation, and senescent status; - T cell functionality; - Immunometabolic status. The association between T cell alterations and systemic inflammation/CVD risk was then evaluated. In adults PLWH, our findings reveal a senescent T cell phenotype marked by a peculiar mitochondrial profile. These alterations at the levels of mitochondrial functions and reactive oxygen species (ROS) production were in-depth investigated to evaluate their relationship with: 1) cellular metabolic disturbance, and 2) features of aging at both the immunological and systemic level. Notably, this altered mitochondrial profile observed in T cells from PLWH is dissociated from typical bioenergetic pathways, instead being linked to specific structural changes in mitochondrial and receptors expression pattern specific to PLWH. These alterations further show to be associated with multiple aging pathways, including loss of naïve and accumulation of differentiated T cells, expression of senescent markers and increased CVD risk. Finally, our data underly a beneficial effect of early ART on these alterations. The same investigation on CLWH reveal a profile of immune activation with higher ROS production but no significant mitochondrial alterations. This profile, probably connected with the early ART and the clinical history of children, is found to be mitigated by treatment, particularly in the early months of therapy. Collectively, our findings provide insights into the presence of alterations associated with a senescent or activated profile in PLWH that clues to monitor different steps of aging also in the presence of effective therapy. These data further emphasize the importance of early ART initiation in mitigating the long-term consequences of HIV infection and preserving health across the lifespan of PLWH.
La terapia antiretrovirale (ART) ha rivoluzionato la prognosi per le persone che convivono con HIV (People living with HIV; PLWH), trasformando quella che era una malattia fatale in una condizione cronica. Diversamente dai primi anni dell’epidemia, oggi le persone vivono ed invecchiano con HIV. Questo cambiamento ha portato nuove sfide dal punto di vista clinico e sanitario, in particolare nella gestione del fisiologico invecchiamento nelle persone con infezione cronica con HIV. Infatti, nonostante il successo della terapia nel controllare la viremia, le disfunzioni residue e permanenti del sistema immune contribuiscono al verificarsi di un processo di invecchiamento accelerato nelle PLWH, con un maggiore rischio di sviluppare co-morbidità tipiche del processo di invecchiamento. In questo contesto, parametri che possano monitorare e prevedere la progressione di questo processo di senescenza precoce e le sue implicazioni sanitarie nei PLWH sono fondamentali. Questo studio si pone l’obbiettivo di caratterizzare il profilo di senescenza nei PLWH sia a livello metabolico che a livello immunitario, indagandone i meccanismi e conseguenze. Inoltre, ci proponiamo di investigare se e quali pattern di immunosenescenza possano fungere da marcatori in questo processo di invecchiamento precoce nelle PLWH. Lo studio, inizialmente condotto in adulti che convivono con HIV, è stato poi esteso ad un gruppo di bambini di convivono con HIV (Children living with HIV; CLWH) per cercare di comprendere come queste caratteristiche possano differire tra gruppi di età diversi, considerando il tempo intercorso tra la diagnosi e l’inizio della terapia, la durata e la tipologia della terapia stessa. Nello specifico, sono state analizzate le cellule T di adulti e bambini che convivono con HIV per valutare: - lo stato di differenziazione delle cellule T e la presenza di segni di attivazione immunitaria e/o senescenza; - la funzionalità delle cellule T; - le caratteristiche immunometaboliche. Tali parametri sono stati quindi messi in associazione con lo stato cardiometabolico e infiammatorio. Negli PLWH, abbiamo osservato come le cellule T siano caratterizzate da un fenotipo senescente contraddistinto da uno specifico profilo mitocondriale alterato. Queste alterazioni delle funzioni mitocondriali e nella produzione di specie reattive dell’ossigeno (ROS) sono state successivamente investigate per valutarne la relazione con: 1) disturbi metabolici cellulari e 2) processi di invecchiamento sia a livello cellulare che a livello sistemico. Lo specifico profilo mitocondriale alterato che è stato riscontrato nelle cellule T delle PLWH ha dimostrato non essere connesso a particolari difetti nel processo bioenergetico cellulare, ma invece legato a cambiamenti specifici nella struttura mitocondriale e nell’espressione di alcuni recettori per nutrienti. Le alterazioni osservate sono risultate, inoltre, associate a diversi tratti di senescenza, sia a livello immunologico che ad un maggiore rischio CVD. Abbiamo, infine, osservato come l’inizio precoce della terapia svolga un effetto benefico su queste stesse alterazioni. Le medesime indagini svolte sui CLWH hanno rilevato, invece, un profilo di attivazione immunitaria con elevata produzione di ROS, ma senza lo sviluppo di alterazioni mitocondriali. Questo profilo attivato è mitigato dalla stessa terapia antiretrovirale, in particolare durante i primi anni di trattamento. Complessivamente, i nostri risultati forniscono spunti sulla presenza di alterazioni associate ad un profilo senescente o attivato nelle persone che convivono con HIV, potenzialmente indicativi di diversi stadi dell’invecchiamento di queste persone. Questi dati sottolineano ulteriormente l’importanza dell’inizio precoce della terapia ART nel mitigare le conseguenze a lungo termine dell’infezione e nel preservare la salute.
Aging with HIV: Assessing premature immunosenescence as a strategy to monitor and prevent age-related co-morbidities
DALLAN, Beatrice
2025
Abstract
Antiretroviral therapy (ART) has transformed the prognosis for individuals living with HIV (PLWH), reshaping what was once a fatal disease into a manageable condition. Unlike in the early days of the epidemic, people are now living longer and aging with HIV. This shift has led to significant epidemiological and demographic changes, presenting new public health and clinical challenges, particularly in terms of managing the aging process in individuals with long-term HIV infection. Indeed, despite the success of ART in controlling viral replication, residual immune alterations contribute to the development of a premature senescent phenotype in PLWH, resulting in a higher burden of age-related co-morbidities. Particularly, premature atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (CVD) has emerged as a leading cause of morbidity and mortality for PLWH in the era of effective ART, a trend that may be further exacerbated by life-long ART treatment. In this context, biomarkers that can monitor and predict the progression of premature aging and its related health implications in PLWH are needed. The objective of this study is to characterize premature senescence features during treated HIV infection at metabolic and immune level, unraveling mechanisms and consequences; moreover, we aim at investigating whether and which immunosenescence patterns can serve as a biomarker for premature aging in PLWH. Initially conducted in adults, this investigation was then extended to children living with HIV (CLWH) to understand how these features may differ across age groups, time occurred between diagnosis and treatment onset (untreated infection duration), and treatment history. Specifically, T cells from adult and children PLWH were analyzed to assess: - T cell differentiation, immune activation, and senescent status; - T cell functionality; - Immunometabolic status. The association between T cell alterations and systemic inflammation/CVD risk was then evaluated. In adults PLWH, our findings reveal a senescent T cell phenotype marked by a peculiar mitochondrial profile. These alterations at the levels of mitochondrial functions and reactive oxygen species (ROS) production were in-depth investigated to evaluate their relationship with: 1) cellular metabolic disturbance, and 2) features of aging at both the immunological and systemic level. Notably, this altered mitochondrial profile observed in T cells from PLWH is dissociated from typical bioenergetic pathways, instead being linked to specific structural changes in mitochondrial and receptors expression pattern specific to PLWH. These alterations further show to be associated with multiple aging pathways, including loss of naïve and accumulation of differentiated T cells, expression of senescent markers and increased CVD risk. Finally, our data underly a beneficial effect of early ART on these alterations. The same investigation on CLWH reveal a profile of immune activation with higher ROS production but no significant mitochondrial alterations. This profile, probably connected with the early ART and the clinical history of children, is found to be mitigated by treatment, particularly in the early months of therapy. Collectively, our findings provide insights into the presence of alterations associated with a senescent or activated profile in PLWH that clues to monitor different steps of aging also in the presence of effective therapy. These data further emphasize the importance of early ART initiation in mitigating the long-term consequences of HIV infection and preserving health across the lifespan of PLWH.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14242/219505
URN:NBN:IT:UNIFE-219505