Many studies have identified the potential therapeutic benefits of ketones, including their anti-inflammatory properties, ability to serve as an alternative energy source, and capacity to reduce oxidative stress while modulating cellular signaling. This study uses the modified novel beta-hydroxybutyrate, the DAG/MAG-BHB, as the source of ketone bodies. It explores the properties of this exogenous ketone diester (KE) supplement in providing readily available energy substrate, decreasing cellular death, and the risk of inflammation, which are essential in preventing different cardiovascular diseases. Ketones have demonstrated therapeutic benefits for various organs. While this study investigates the potential cardioprotective effects of exogenous ketone diester (KE), the DAG/MAG-BHB in the Isoproterenol (ISO)-induced Myocardial Infarction (MI) model in mice explicitly. Methods: MI was induced in male and female CB57BL/6J mice by subcutaneous injection of isoproterenol for three consecutive days in different increasing doses (100 mg/kg, 150 mg/kg, and 175 mg/kg) during the first week (Day 1-3) and second week (Day 8-10). The mice were randomly allotted into three groups: (1) Normal, (2) ISO, and (3) ISO+KE 2000 mg/kg. Oral KE or vehicle was given from the first day of MI induction and continued for 14 days. Results: The blood lactic acid of Group 2 (ISO) was significantly higher than that of the control and KE treatment groups, which were 5.17, 4.02, and 3.75 mmol/L, respectively. The same trend was observed with their blood glucose levels: Group 2 reached 207 mg/dL, while Group 1 and 3 were 145 and 165 mg/dL, respectively. The mean beta-hydroxybutyrate (-HB) levels were similar in the three groups: (Normal) 0.75 mmol/L, 0.84 mmol/L (ISO), and 0.78 mmol/L (ISO+KE), suggesting an immediate use of the exogenous ketone. The analysis of cardiac tissues has shown severe lesions, including myofibrillar loss, cytoplasm vacuolization, and irregularity of myofibrils in ISO-treated mice compared with the control group. These results were confirmed by a marked elevation of serum cardiac enzymes aspartate aminotransferase, alanine transaminase, creatinine kinase, and lactate dehydrogenase, which also increases inflammatory cytokines, TNF-alpha and IL-1beta. Moreover, acute toxicity effect was exhibited by disturbance in the antioxidant system as a decrease in superoxide dismutase and glutathione with the rise in malondialdehyde (MDA) and nitric oxide. The treatment with exogenous ketone reconstituted the normal histopathology of the cardiac tissues and the levels of cardiac enzymes, antioxidant system, and inflammation. Conclusion: The beneficial effect of ketone was evaluated against ISO-induced cardiac toxicity in an experimental mice model. Isoproterenol undergoes auto-oxidation, resulting in the production of reactive oxygen species. It then stimulates lipid peroxidation and directly injures the cell, causing cell damage and death. Hence, it is considered a mechanistic pathway for inducing myocardial infarction. It was previously reported that a marked increase in heart weight, heart rate, electrocardiographic changes, and cardiac marker enzymes are clear indications of the acute cardiotoxic effect of isoproterenol injection. In the present study, ISO injection was associated with consistent cardiac tissue damage and inflammation. The treatment with the exogenous ketone, KE DAG/MAG- BHB, showed marked protection from the deleterious effects of ISO injection.
Numerose ricerche hanno evidenziato i potenziali benefici terapeutici dei chetoni, tra cui le loro proprietà antinfiammatorie, il ruolo come fonte energetica alternativa e la capacità di ridurre lo stress ossidativo attraverso la modulazione del metabolismo cellulare. Questo studio si concentra sull’analisi dell’efficacia di un nuovo composto a base di beta-idrossibutirrato modificato, denominato DAG/MAG-beta-HB, come fonte di corpi chetonici. In particolare, è stata valutata la capacità di questo integratore chetonico esogeno (KE) di fornire un substrato energetico immediatamente disponibile, ridurre la morte cellulare e limitare il rischio di infiammazione, fattori chiave nella prevenzione delle malattie cardiovascolari. Il nuovo composto ha mostrato effetti terapeutici su diversi organi. Il presente studio si propone di approfondire i potenziali benefici cardioprotettivi del diestere chetonico esogeno DAG/MAG--HB in un modello murino di infarto miocardico (MI) indotto dall’isoproterenolo (ISO). Metodi: L'infarto miocardico è stato indotto in topi CB57BL/6J maschi e femmine mediante iniezione sottocutanea di isoproterenolo per tre giorni consecutivi a diverse dosi crescenti (100 mg/kg, 150 mg/kg e 175 mg/kg) durante la prima settimana (giorno 1-3) e la seconda settimana (giorno 8-10). I topi sono stati assegnati a caso in tre gruppi: (1) normale, (2) ISO e (3) ISO+KE 2000 mg/kg. Il KE orale o il veicolo sono stati somministrati a partire dal primo giorno di induzione della MI e continuati per 14 giorni. Risultati: L'acido lattico nel sangue del gruppo 2 (ISO) era significativamente più alto rispetto a quello dei gruppi di controllo e trattati con KE, con valori rispettivamente di 5,17, 4,02 e 3,75 mmol/L. La stessa tendenza è stata osservata con i livelli di glucosio nel sangue: Il gruppo 2 ha raggiunto 207 mg/dL, mentre i gruppi 1 e 3 erano rispettivamente 145 e 165 mg/dL. I livelli medi di beta-idrossibutirrato (BHB) erano simili nei tre gruppi: (normale) 0,75 mmol/L, 0,84 mmol/L (ISO) e 0,78 mmol/L (ISO+KE), suggerendo un utilizzo immediato del chetone esogeno. L'analisi dei tessuti cardiaci ha evidenziato gravi lesioni, tra cui perdita di miofibrille, vacuolizzazione del citoplasma e irregolarità delle miofibrille nei topi trattati con ISO rispetto al gruppo di controllo. Questi risultati sono stati confermati da un marcato aumento degli enzimi cardiaci, sierici aspartato aminotransferasi, alanina transaminasi, creatinina chinasi e lattato deidrogenasi e maggiori livelli delle citochine infiammatorie, come TNF-alfa e IL-1beta. Inoltre, l'effetto di tossicità acuta è stato evidenziato da un'alterazione del sistema antiossidante, con una diminuzione della superossido dismutasi e del glutatione con un aumento della malondialdeide e dell'ossido nitrico. Il trattamento con chetoni esogeni ha ricostituito la normale istologia dei tessuti cardiaci e i livelli di enzimi cardiaci, del sistema antiossidante e dell’infiammazione. Conclusioni: L'effetto benefico dei chetoni è stato valutato nei confronti della tossicità cardiaca indotta dall'ISO in un modello sperimentale di topi. L'isoproterenolo subisce un'auto-ossidazione, con conseguente produzione di specie reattive dell'ossigeno. Stimola quindi la perossidazione lipidica e danneggia direttamente la cellula, causandone il danno e la morte. Pertanto, è considerata una via meccanicistica per indurre l'infarto miocardico. È stato precedentemente riportato che un marcato aumento del peso del cuore, della frequenza cardiaca, delle alterazioni elettrocardiografiche e degli enzimi marcatori cardiaci sono chiare indicazioni dell'effetto cardiotossico acuto dell'iniezione di isoproterenolo. Nel presente studio, l'iniezione di ISO è stata associata a un consistente danno al tessuto cardiaco e all'infiammazione. Il trattamento con il chetone esogeno KE DAG/MAG- -HB ha mostrato una marcata protezione dagli effetti deleteri dell'iniezione di ISO.
Evaluation of the Active Pharmaceutical Ingredient- Ketone Diester Against Isoproterenol-induced Myocardial Infarction in Mice
LARA, DJIDJELL
2025
Abstract
Many studies have identified the potential therapeutic benefits of ketones, including their anti-inflammatory properties, ability to serve as an alternative energy source, and capacity to reduce oxidative stress while modulating cellular signaling. This study uses the modified novel beta-hydroxybutyrate, the DAG/MAG-BHB, as the source of ketone bodies. It explores the properties of this exogenous ketone diester (KE) supplement in providing readily available energy substrate, decreasing cellular death, and the risk of inflammation, which are essential in preventing different cardiovascular diseases. Ketones have demonstrated therapeutic benefits for various organs. While this study investigates the potential cardioprotective effects of exogenous ketone diester (KE), the DAG/MAG-BHB in the Isoproterenol (ISO)-induced Myocardial Infarction (MI) model in mice explicitly. Methods: MI was induced in male and female CB57BL/6J mice by subcutaneous injection of isoproterenol for three consecutive days in different increasing doses (100 mg/kg, 150 mg/kg, and 175 mg/kg) during the first week (Day 1-3) and second week (Day 8-10). The mice were randomly allotted into three groups: (1) Normal, (2) ISO, and (3) ISO+KE 2000 mg/kg. Oral KE or vehicle was given from the first day of MI induction and continued for 14 days. Results: The blood lactic acid of Group 2 (ISO) was significantly higher than that of the control and KE treatment groups, which were 5.17, 4.02, and 3.75 mmol/L, respectively. The same trend was observed with their blood glucose levels: Group 2 reached 207 mg/dL, while Group 1 and 3 were 145 and 165 mg/dL, respectively. The mean beta-hydroxybutyrate (-HB) levels were similar in the three groups: (Normal) 0.75 mmol/L, 0.84 mmol/L (ISO), and 0.78 mmol/L (ISO+KE), suggesting an immediate use of the exogenous ketone. The analysis of cardiac tissues has shown severe lesions, including myofibrillar loss, cytoplasm vacuolization, and irregularity of myofibrils in ISO-treated mice compared with the control group. These results were confirmed by a marked elevation of serum cardiac enzymes aspartate aminotransferase, alanine transaminase, creatinine kinase, and lactate dehydrogenase, which also increases inflammatory cytokines, TNF-alpha and IL-1beta. Moreover, acute toxicity effect was exhibited by disturbance in the antioxidant system as a decrease in superoxide dismutase and glutathione with the rise in malondialdehyde (MDA) and nitric oxide. The treatment with exogenous ketone reconstituted the normal histopathology of the cardiac tissues and the levels of cardiac enzymes, antioxidant system, and inflammation. Conclusion: The beneficial effect of ketone was evaluated against ISO-induced cardiac toxicity in an experimental mice model. Isoproterenol undergoes auto-oxidation, resulting in the production of reactive oxygen species. It then stimulates lipid peroxidation and directly injures the cell, causing cell damage and death. Hence, it is considered a mechanistic pathway for inducing myocardial infarction. It was previously reported that a marked increase in heart weight, heart rate, electrocardiographic changes, and cardiac marker enzymes are clear indications of the acute cardiotoxic effect of isoproterenol injection. In the present study, ISO injection was associated with consistent cardiac tissue damage and inflammation. The treatment with the exogenous ketone, KE DAG/MAG- BHB, showed marked protection from the deleterious effects of ISO injection.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14242/219508
URN:NBN:IT:UNIFE-219508