Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) is a cell surface receptor involved in the Renin-Angiotensin System (RAS) expressed in several cell types, including vascular endothelium. It has recently drawn considerable attention for its role as a SARS-CoV-2 receptor, the causative agent of COVID-19, providing a critical link between immunity, inflammation, and cardiovascular disease. Reduced expression of ACE2 has been identified under chronic inflammatory conditions like diabetes, lung injury, COVID-19, and vasculitis. Recent studies have suggested that Murine Double Minute 2 (MDM2), a well-known p53 inhibitor, regulates ACE2 expression levels through ubiquitination. For this reason, our work aimed to explore a potential treatment to restore ACE2 levels and rescue cells from inflammation by using nutlin-3a, an MDM2 inhibitor, to avoid MDM2-depending degradation of ACE2 protein. In a model of the alveolar epithelium (A549-hACE2), we preliminarily observed an efficient upregulation of ACE2 protein after treatment with nutlin-3a by western blotting and immunofluorescence analysis. These preliminary data stimulated us to study the effect of nutlin-3a in models of inflammation based on Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cells (HUVEC). We treated the HUVEC cultures with inflammatory stimuli TNFα or LPS to mimic acute pathologies. Cells were then treated with several concentrations of nutlin-3a, and controls were run in parallel with TNF-α, LPS, and nutlin-3a used alone. After 24h and 48h of treatments, the biological effects mediated by nutlin-3a were studied via cell viability, cell cycle, and apoptosis analysis. At the same time, cells were harvested for p53-gene targets and ACE2 protein expression levels analysis. In parallel, the impact on cellular proliferation and migration was assessed by xCELLigence real-time assays. To evaluate inflammation status, supernatants were collected for secreted cytokines analysis, and monocytes (Thp-1) adhesion to cultures was investigated. Results showed a concentration-dependent upregulation of ACE2, p53, and MDM2 proteins in nutlin-3a treated cells in the absence or the presence of inflammation stimuli. The results highlight that the number of cells decreases significantly with the increasing doses of nutlin-3a alone and combined with TNF-α or LPS. An induction of a cell cycle block was observed, accompanied by low levels of apoptosis, both in physiological and inflammatory environments. Moreover, nutlin-3a mitigates inflammation by reducing the IL-6 release in cells exposed to inflammatory stimuli and impaired monocyte adhesion to endothelium. These results indicate an efficient ACE2 stabilization and control of inflammation associated with MDM2 inhibition, suggesting an efficient tool with therapeutic potential for vascular disorders related to inflammation.
L'enzima di conversione dell'angiotensina 2 (ACE2) è un recettore presente sulla superficie cellulare coinvolto nel sistema Renina-Angiotensina espresso in diversi tipi di cellule, incluso l'endotelio vascolare. Recentemente, ACE2 ha attirato una notevole attenzione per il suo ruolo come recettore di SARS-CoV-2, l'agente eziologico del virus COVID-19, fornendo un collegamento tra immunità, infiammazione e malattie cardiovascolari. La ridotta espressione di ACE2 è stata identificata in condizioni infiammatorie croniche come diabete, lesioni polmonari, COVID-19 e vasculite. Studi recenti hanno suggerito che MDM2 (Murine Double Minute 2), un noto inibitore di p53, è in grado di regolare i livelli di espressione di ACE2 attraverso l'ubiquitinazione. Per questo motivo, il nostro lavoro mirava a esplorare un potenziale trattamento per ripristinare i livelli di ACE2 e salvare le cellule dall'infiammazione utilizzando nutlin-3a, un inibitore di MDM2, per impedire la degradazione di ACE2 da parte di MDM2. In uno studio preliminare, condotto in un modello dell'epitelio alveolare (A549-hACE2), abbiamo osservato, attraverso la tecnica di western blotting e analisi di immunofluorescenza, un’efficiente sovraregolazione di ACE2 dopo il trattamento con nutlin-3a. Questi dati preliminari ci hanno stimolato a studiare l'effetto di nutlin-3a in modelli di infiammazione basati su cellule endoteliali della vena ombelicale umana (HUVEC). Abbiamo trattato le cellule HUVEC con stimoli infiammatori, TNFα o LPS, per imitare un’infiammazione di tipo acuto. Le cellule sono state sottoposte al trattamento con nutlin-3a a con diverse concentrazioni, i controlli sono stati eseguiti in parallelo con TNF-α, LPS e nutlin-3a usati da soli. Gli effetti biologici mediati da nutlin-3° sono stati studiati a 24 e 48 ore dal trattamento attraverso l’analisi della vitalità cellulare, del ciclo cellulare e dell'apoptosi. Allo stesso tempo, le cellule sono state raccolte per studiare l'analisi dei livelli di espressione della proteina ACE2 e del pathway di p53. Parallelamente, è stato valutato l'impatto sulla proliferazione e la migrazione cellulare mediante saggi in tempo reale xCELLigence. Per valutare lo stato di infiammazione, sono stati raccolti i surnatanti per effettuare l'analisi delle citochine secrete, e inoltre è stata studiata l'adesione dei monociti (Thp-1) alle cellule HUVEC. I risultati hanno mostrato una sovraregolazione concentrazione-dipendente delle proteine ACE2, p53 e MDM2 nelle cellule trattate con nutlin-3a in assenza o presenza di stimoli infiammatori. I risultati evidenziano che il numero di cellule diminuisce significativamente con l'aumentare delle concentrazioni di nutlin-3a da solo e in combinazione con TNF-α o LPS. È stata osservata un'induzione del blocco del ciclo cellulare, accompagnata da bassi livelli di apoptosi, sia in ambienti fisiologici che infiammatori. Inoltre, la nutlina-3a ha mostrato efficacia nel mitigare l'infiammazione riducendo il rilascio di IL-6 nelle cellule esposte a stimoli infiammatori, compromettendo l'adesione dei monociti all'endotelio. Questi risultati indicano un'efficiente stabilizzazione e controllo dell'infiammazione associata all'inibizione di MDM2, suggerendo che esso rappresenta una molecola efficace come potenziale terapeutico per i disturbi vascolari correlati all'infiammazione.
ACE2 up-regulation by MDM2 inhibition counteracts inflammation in human umbelical vein endothelial cells
LODI, Giada
2025
Abstract
Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) is a cell surface receptor involved in the Renin-Angiotensin System (RAS) expressed in several cell types, including vascular endothelium. It has recently drawn considerable attention for its role as a SARS-CoV-2 receptor, the causative agent of COVID-19, providing a critical link between immunity, inflammation, and cardiovascular disease. Reduced expression of ACE2 has been identified under chronic inflammatory conditions like diabetes, lung injury, COVID-19, and vasculitis. Recent studies have suggested that Murine Double Minute 2 (MDM2), a well-known p53 inhibitor, regulates ACE2 expression levels through ubiquitination. For this reason, our work aimed to explore a potential treatment to restore ACE2 levels and rescue cells from inflammation by using nutlin-3a, an MDM2 inhibitor, to avoid MDM2-depending degradation of ACE2 protein. In a model of the alveolar epithelium (A549-hACE2), we preliminarily observed an efficient upregulation of ACE2 protein after treatment with nutlin-3a by western blotting and immunofluorescence analysis. These preliminary data stimulated us to study the effect of nutlin-3a in models of inflammation based on Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cells (HUVEC). We treated the HUVEC cultures with inflammatory stimuli TNFα or LPS to mimic acute pathologies. Cells were then treated with several concentrations of nutlin-3a, and controls were run in parallel with TNF-α, LPS, and nutlin-3a used alone. After 24h and 48h of treatments, the biological effects mediated by nutlin-3a were studied via cell viability, cell cycle, and apoptosis analysis. At the same time, cells were harvested for p53-gene targets and ACE2 protein expression levels analysis. In parallel, the impact on cellular proliferation and migration was assessed by xCELLigence real-time assays. To evaluate inflammation status, supernatants were collected for secreted cytokines analysis, and monocytes (Thp-1) adhesion to cultures was investigated. Results showed a concentration-dependent upregulation of ACE2, p53, and MDM2 proteins in nutlin-3a treated cells in the absence or the presence of inflammation stimuli. The results highlight that the number of cells decreases significantly with the increasing doses of nutlin-3a alone and combined with TNF-α or LPS. An induction of a cell cycle block was observed, accompanied by low levels of apoptosis, both in physiological and inflammatory environments. Moreover, nutlin-3a mitigates inflammation by reducing the IL-6 release in cells exposed to inflammatory stimuli and impaired monocyte adhesion to endothelium. These results indicate an efficient ACE2 stabilization and control of inflammation associated with MDM2 inhibition, suggesting an efficient tool with therapeutic potential for vascular disorders related to inflammation.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14242/219517
URN:NBN:IT:UNIFE-219517