1 Introduction Despite considerable investment in tourism advertising, there is a gap in understanding the influences of cultural and gender differences on the effectiveness of these advertisements. Recent studies have highlighted the role of eye tracking technology in providing insights into how gender difference influences visual attention and emotional perception. The overall aim of this paper is to further investigate the influence of cultural and gender differences in the understanding of tourism advertising messages. The paper aims to explore the impact on consumers of tourism advertising, through an analysis conducted with advanced neuromarketing techniques, in particular with the application of eye tracking, one of the most promising technologies for understanding consumer behaviour. The analysis focuses on how advertising strategies, both traditional and digital, have evolved and how neuromarketing tools can offer new perspectives for the tourism sector, both in terms of communication optimisation and strategic development. Based on the bibliometric analysis conducted, it demonstrates there are still very few studies or research on eye tracking devices related to the analysis of the impact of tourism advertising on consumers and, specifically, aimed at identifying how culture and gender influences the perception of advertising content. This study aims to fill this gap by examining the “Open to Meraviglia” campaign promoted by the Italian Ministry of Tourism. Through an eye tracking analysis, we investigated how cultural familiarity, expectations and gender stereotypes influence the way advertisements (specifically those with a tourism focus) are viewed. This research contributes to the existing literature by offering a detailed understanding of how these factors influence viewer engagement and the overall effectiveness of tourism advertising campaigns. The results of this research should provide insights for marketers and policy makers in designing more targeted and effective tourism advertisements. 2 Objectives and research questions The main objectives are: - to evaluate the effectiveness of tourism advertising with respect to the visual attention of the target audience; - to analyze the influence of cultural factors and gender differences on the perception of tourism advertisements. The research questions addressed are: - What is the leading research on eye tracking devices in tourism, more specifically in the field of advertising? - How can cultural and gender differences influence the perception of tourism advertising? - Which elements of the “Open to Meraviglia” campaign, proposed by the Italian Ministry of Tourism, captured the audiences’ visual attention the most? - Can this research provide direction and suggestions to professionals to inform the design and development of tourism advertising? The paper in its structure includes an analysis of the historical evolution of tourism advertising, an introduction to neuromarketing concepts, a literature review, the analysis of an empirical case focusing on some gaps in the reference bibliography (the “Open to Meraviglia” campaign) and, finally, evidence of the results and potential managerial implications. 3 Limitations of existing literature The literature review highlights the following gaps: - poor integration of cultural analysis and gender studies in tourism advertising; - limited application of eye tracking technologies in tourism and, especially, tourism advertising; - shortage of systematic studies on the impact of cultural and gender differences in the understanding of advertising messages. The present study aims to fit into this context by providing an interdisciplinary analysis. 4 Methododolgy The research method used focuses on a blended approach: - data collection through the use of eye tracking devices and interviews/questionnaires; - use of a diversified sample, characterised by individuals of Italian and US nationality; - qualitative analysis of the data collected. The “Open to Meraviglia” campaign was used as the object of analysis through the observation of three different key images. 5 Results The findings, based on a sample of Italian and US citizens, emphasised that advertising content cannot be universal, but must be adapted to the specificities of the target audience. Cultural differences are reflected in the values that each group attributes to visual and narrative elements: while Italians, linked to a collectivist culture, respond better to messages that emphasise symbols of tradition and community identity, Americans, representing an individualist culture, favour content that evokes uniqueness and personal experiences. Equally, gender differences require advertising design that satisfies different sensibilities: dynamic and adventure images for men, emotional and socially connected narratives for women. Finally, the use of eye tracking allowed the precise identification of areas of interest (AOIs) of ads, showing how consumers interact with specific visual elements. The heatmaps generated from the data revealed that strategically placed images and text significantly influence fixation time and, consequently, ad effectiveness. This experimental approach represents an important methodological contribution to the study of tourism advertising. 6 Contributions to existing literature This study contributes to the existing literature by analysing the differences in the impact of advertising, specifically tourism advertising, with respect to the different genders and/or origins and culture of reference of individuals. Although the literature has separately explored cultural and gender aspects in advertising analysis, few studies have combined the two dimensions and so far none have focused on the tourism sector. A further contribution can be noted in terms of the extension of the cultural context: most previous studies have focused on European and Asian cultures; by analysing Italian and US citizens, the present research broadens the cultural context, offering a more comprehensive understanding of perceptual differences. At the same time, this study makes a contribution to the reference bibliography related to the use of eye-tracking devices as an additional means of analysing visual attention in tourism advertising. Finally, the results offer concrete guidelines for advertising design, helping to bridge the gap between academia and the target market (or external environment). 7 Conclusions The research conducted explored the interaction between culture, gender and advertising perception in the tourism context, with a focus on the use of advanced technologies such as eye tracking to measure the effectiveness of ads. The main objective was to understand how, in consumers, gender and/or cultural differences can interfere in the interpretation of and reaction to visual messages, in order to provide practical and theoretical insights for advertising design and tourism communication. The findings, based on a sample of Italian and US citizens, emphasised that advertising content cannot be universal, but must be adapted to the specificities of the target audience. Cultural differences are reflected in the values that each group attributes to visual and narrative elements: while Italians, linked to a collectivist culture, respond better to messages that emphasise symbols of tradition and community identity, Americans, representing an individualist culture, favour content that evokes uniqueness and personal experiences. Equally, gender differences require advertising design that satisfies different sensibilities: dynamic and adventure images for men, emotional and socially connected narratives for women. Finally, the use of eye tracking allowed the precise identification of areas of interest (AOIs) of ads, showing how consumers interact with specific visual elements. The heatmaps generated from the data revealed that strategically placed images and text significantly influence fixation time and, consequently, ad effectiveness. This experimental approach represents an important methodological contribution to the study of tourism advertising. 8 Limitations and directions for future research Potential limitations of the research can be associated with factors such as sample size and analysis methodology. In more detail: 1. non-probabilistic sample: although appropriate for the focus of the study, the use of a non-probabilistic sample limits the generalisability of the results. Future studies could adopt larger and more diverse samples to improve representativeness. 2. Exclusion of emerging technologies: the study focused on static and traditional digital advertisements. The integration of technologies such as augmented reality (AR) and virtual reality (VR) could provide a more comprehensive understanding of immersive advertising interactions. 3. Cross-sectional approach: the cross-sectional nature of the experimental design captures a specific moment of interaction. Future research could adopt longitudinal approaches to analyse how perceptual preferences evolve over time.
1 Introduzione Nonostante i notevoli investimenti nella pubblicità turistica, esiste una lacuna nella comprensione delle influenze derivanti delle differenze culturali e di genere sull’efficacia di queste pubblicità. Studi recenti hanno evidenziato il ruolo della tecnologia di eye tracking nel fornire approfondimenti su come la differenza di genere influenzi l’attenzione visiva e la percezione emotiva. Il presente lavoro ha l’obiettivo generale di approfondire le indagini legate all’influenza delle differenze culturali e di genere nella comprensione dei messaggi pubblicitari in ambito turistico. L’elaborato si propone di esplorare l’impatto sui consumatori dell’advertising turistico, attraverso un’analisi condotta con le avanzate tecniche di neuromarketing, in particolare con applicazione dell’eye tracking, una delle tecnologie più promettenti per comprendere il comportamento del consumatore. L’analisi si concentra su come le strategie pubblicitarie, tradizionali e digitali, si siano evolute e come gli strumenti del neuromarketing possano offrire nuove prospettive per il settore turistico, sia in termini di ottimizzazione della comunicazione che di sviluppo strategico. Dall’analisi bibliometrica condotta emerge che sono pochi ancora gli studi e le ricerche, con dispositivi di eye tracking, legati all’analisi dell’impatto dell’advertising turistico sui consumatori e, nello specifico, atti a valutare eventuali influenze culturali e di genere nella percezione dei contenuti pubblicitari. Il presente studio si propone di colmare questa lacuna esaminando la campagna “Open to Meraviglia” promossa dal Ministero del Turismo italiano. Attraverso un’analisi di eye tracking, si è indagato come la familiarità culturale, le aspettative e gli stereotipi di genere influenzino il modo in cui le pubblicità (nello specifico quelle di matrice turistica) vengono osservate. Questa ricerca contribuisce alla letteratura esistente offrendo una comprensione dettagliata di come questi fattori influenzino il coinvolgimento degli spettatori e l’efficacia complessiva delle campagne pubblicitarie turistiche. I risultati di questa ricerca dovrebbero fornire spunti di riflessione per gli esperti di marketing e i responsabili politici nella progettazione di pubblicità turistiche più mirate ed efficaci. 2 Obiettivi e domande di ricerca I principali obiettivi del lavoro possono essere sintetizzati come segue: - valutazione dell’efficacia della pubblicità turistica rispetto all’attenzione visiva dei destinatari; - analisi dell’influenza di fattori culturali e differenze di genere sulla percezione delle pubblicità turistiche. Le domande di ricerca affrontate, invece, sono le seguenti: - qual è lo stato dell’arte delle ricerche con i dispositivi di eye tracking in campo turistico, più segnatamente nel comparto dell’advertising? - in che modo le differenze culturali e di genere possono influenzare la percezione della pubblicità turistica? - quali elementi della campagna “Open to Meraviglia”, proposta dal Ministero del Turismo italiano, attirano maggiormente l’attenzione visiva dei destinatari? - la presente ricerca pu fornire indicazioni e suggerimenti agli addetti ai lavori per la progettazione e realizzazione di pubblicità turistiche? L’elaborato nella sua struttura include un’analisi dell’evoluzione storica dell’advertising turistico, un’introduzione relativa ai concetti del neuromarketing, una revisione della letteratura, l’analisi di un caso empirico incentrato su alcune lacune legate alla bibliografia di riferimento (la campagna “Open to Meraviglia”) e, infine, l’evidenza dei risultati e le potenziali implicazioni manageriali. 3 Limitazioni della letteratura esistente La revisione della letteratura evidenzia le seguenti lacune: - scarsa integrazione tra analisi culturali e studi di genere nella pubblicità turistica; - limitata applicazione delle tecnologie di eye tracking nel comparto turistico e, soprattutto, dell’advertising turistico; - carenza di studi sistematici sull’impatto delle differenze culturali e di genere nella comprensione dei messaggi pubblicitari. Il presente studio vuole inserirsi in questo contesto, fornendo un’analisi interdisciplinare. 4 Metodologia Il metodo di ricerca utilizzato si focalizza su una procedura mista: - raccolta dei dati attraverso utilizzo dei dispositivi di eye tracking e interviste/questionari; - utilizzo di un campione diversificato, caratterizzato da individui di nazionalità italiana e statunitense; - analisi qualitativa dei dati raccolti. La campagna “Open to Meraviglia” è stata utilizzata come oggetto di analisi attraverso l’osservazione di tre differenti immagini chiave. 5 Risultati I risultati emersi, basati su un campione di cittadini italiani e statunitensi, hanno sottolineato che i contenuti pubblicitari non possono essere universali, ma devono essere adattati alle specificità del pubblico target. Le differenze culturali si riflettono nei valori che ciascun gruppo attribuisce agli elementi visivi e narrativi: mentre gli italiani, legati a una cultura collettivista, rispondono meglio a messaggi che enfatizzano simboli di tradizione e identità comunitaria, gli statunitensi, rappresentanti di una cultura individualista, privilegiano contenuti che evocano unicità ed esperienze personali. In egual misura, le differenze di genere richiedono un design pubblicitario che soddisfi le diverse sensibilità: immagini dinamiche e di avventura per gli uomini, narrazioni emozionali e connesse alla socialità per le donne. Infine, l’utilizzo dell’eye tracking ha permesso di identificare con precisione le aree di interesse (AOI) degli annunci, mostrando come i consumatori interagiscano con elementi visivi specifici. Le heatmap generate dai dati hanno rivelato che immagini e testi posizionati strategicamente influenzano significativamente il tempo di fissazione e, di conseguenza, l’efficacia dell’annuncio. Questo approccio sperimentale rappresenta un contributo metodologico importante per lo studio della pubblicità turistica. 6 Contributi alla letteratura esistente Questo studio contribuisce alla letteratura esistente analizzando le differenze di impatto della pubblicità, nello specifico quella turistica, rispetto ai diversi generi e/o alle origini e la cultura di riferimento degli individui. Sebbene la letteratura abbia esplorato separatamente gli aspetti culturali e di genere nell’analisi pubblicitaria, pochi studi hanno combinato le due dimensioni e nessuno ancora focalizzato sul comparto turistico. Un ulteriore contributo è rilevabile in termini di estensione del contesto culturale: la maggior parte degli studi precedenti si è concentrata su culture europee e asiatiche; analizzando cittadini italiani e statunitensi, la presente ricerca amplia il contesto culturale, offrendo una comprensione più completa delle differenze percettive. Allo stesso tempo, questo studio da un contributo alla bibliografia di riferimento legata all’utilizzo delle strumentazioni di eye tracking come mezzo aggiuntivo di analisi dell’attenzione visiva nella pubblicità turistica. Infine, i risultati offrono linee guida concrete per il design pubblicitario, contribuendo a colmare il divario tra mondo accademico e mercato di riferimento (o ambiente esterno). 7 Conclusioni La ricerca condotta ha esplorato l’interazione tra cultura, genere e percezione pubblicitaria nel contesto turistico, con particolare attenzione all’utilizzo di tecnologie avanzate come l’eye tracking per misurare l’efficacia degli annunci. L’obiettivo principale era comprendere come nei consumatori, le differenze di genere o/o culturali, possano interferire nell’interpretazione e reazione ai messaggi visivi, al fine di fornire indicazioni pratiche e teoriche per il design pubblicitario e la comunicazione turistica. I risultati emersi, basati su un campione di cittadini italiani e statunitensi, hanno sottolineato che i contenuti pubblicitari non possono essere universali, ma devono essere adattati alle specificità del pubblico target. Le differenze culturali si riflettono nei valori che ciascun gruppo attribuisce agli elementi visivi e narrativi: mentre gli italiani, legati a una cultura collettivista, rispondono meglio a messaggi che enfatizzano simboli di tradizione e identità comunitaria, gli statunitensi, rappresentanti di una cultura individualista, privilegiano contenuti che evocano unicità ed esperienze personali. In egual misura, le differenze di genere richiedono un design pubblicitario che soddisfi le diverse sensibilità: immagini dinamiche e di avventura per gli uomini, narrazioni emozionali e connesse alla socialità per le donne. Infine, l’utilizzo dell’eye tracking ha permesso di identificare con precisione le aree di interesse (AOI) degli annunci, mostrando come i consumatori interagiscano con elementi visivi specifici. Le heatmap generate dai dati hanno rivelato che immagini e testi posizionati strategicamente influenzano significativamente il tempo di fissazione e, di conseguenza, l’efficacia dell’annuncio. Questo approccio sperimentale rappresenta un contributo metodologico importante per lo studio della pubblicità turistica. 8 Limiti e traiettorie di ricerca futura I potenziali limiti della ricerca possono essere associati a fattori quali la dimensione del campione e la metodologia di analisi. Più nel dettaglio: 1. campione non probabilistico: sebbene appropriato per il focus dello studio, l’uso di un campione non probabilistico limita la generalizzabilità dei risultati. Studi futuri potrebbero adottare campioni più ampi e diversificati per migliorare la rappresentatività. 2. Esclusione di tecnologie emergenti: lo studio si è concentrato su pubblicità statiche e digitali tradizionali. L’integrazione di tecnologie come realtà aumentata (AR) e virtuale (VR) potrebbe fornire una comprensione più completa delle interazioni pubblicitarie immersive. 3. Approccio Cross-Sectional: la natura cross-sectional del disegno sperimentale cattura un momento specifico dell’interazione. Future ricerche potrebbero adottare approcci longitudinali per analizzare come le preferenze percettive evolvano nel tempo.
Differenze culturali e di genere nell’advertising Turistico. Un’analisi attraverso i dispositivi di Eye Tracking della campagna “Open to Meraviglia”
Marco, Fazio
2025
Abstract
1 Introduction Despite considerable investment in tourism advertising, there is a gap in understanding the influences of cultural and gender differences on the effectiveness of these advertisements. Recent studies have highlighted the role of eye tracking technology in providing insights into how gender difference influences visual attention and emotional perception. The overall aim of this paper is to further investigate the influence of cultural and gender differences in the understanding of tourism advertising messages. The paper aims to explore the impact on consumers of tourism advertising, through an analysis conducted with advanced neuromarketing techniques, in particular with the application of eye tracking, one of the most promising technologies for understanding consumer behaviour. The analysis focuses on how advertising strategies, both traditional and digital, have evolved and how neuromarketing tools can offer new perspectives for the tourism sector, both in terms of communication optimisation and strategic development. Based on the bibliometric analysis conducted, it demonstrates there are still very few studies or research on eye tracking devices related to the analysis of the impact of tourism advertising on consumers and, specifically, aimed at identifying how culture and gender influences the perception of advertising content. This study aims to fill this gap by examining the “Open to Meraviglia” campaign promoted by the Italian Ministry of Tourism. Through an eye tracking analysis, we investigated how cultural familiarity, expectations and gender stereotypes influence the way advertisements (specifically those with a tourism focus) are viewed. This research contributes to the existing literature by offering a detailed understanding of how these factors influence viewer engagement and the overall effectiveness of tourism advertising campaigns. The results of this research should provide insights for marketers and policy makers in designing more targeted and effective tourism advertisements. 2 Objectives and research questions The main objectives are: - to evaluate the effectiveness of tourism advertising with respect to the visual attention of the target audience; - to analyze the influence of cultural factors and gender differences on the perception of tourism advertisements. The research questions addressed are: - What is the leading research on eye tracking devices in tourism, more specifically in the field of advertising? - How can cultural and gender differences influence the perception of tourism advertising? - Which elements of the “Open to Meraviglia” campaign, proposed by the Italian Ministry of Tourism, captured the audiences’ visual attention the most? - Can this research provide direction and suggestions to professionals to inform the design and development of tourism advertising? The paper in its structure includes an analysis of the historical evolution of tourism advertising, an introduction to neuromarketing concepts, a literature review, the analysis of an empirical case focusing on some gaps in the reference bibliography (the “Open to Meraviglia” campaign) and, finally, evidence of the results and potential managerial implications. 3 Limitations of existing literature The literature review highlights the following gaps: - poor integration of cultural analysis and gender studies in tourism advertising; - limited application of eye tracking technologies in tourism and, especially, tourism advertising; - shortage of systematic studies on the impact of cultural and gender differences in the understanding of advertising messages. The present study aims to fit into this context by providing an interdisciplinary analysis. 4 Methododolgy The research method used focuses on a blended approach: - data collection through the use of eye tracking devices and interviews/questionnaires; - use of a diversified sample, characterised by individuals of Italian and US nationality; - qualitative analysis of the data collected. The “Open to Meraviglia” campaign was used as the object of analysis through the observation of three different key images. 5 Results The findings, based on a sample of Italian and US citizens, emphasised that advertising content cannot be universal, but must be adapted to the specificities of the target audience. Cultural differences are reflected in the values that each group attributes to visual and narrative elements: while Italians, linked to a collectivist culture, respond better to messages that emphasise symbols of tradition and community identity, Americans, representing an individualist culture, favour content that evokes uniqueness and personal experiences. Equally, gender differences require advertising design that satisfies different sensibilities: dynamic and adventure images for men, emotional and socially connected narratives for women. Finally, the use of eye tracking allowed the precise identification of areas of interest (AOIs) of ads, showing how consumers interact with specific visual elements. The heatmaps generated from the data revealed that strategically placed images and text significantly influence fixation time and, consequently, ad effectiveness. This experimental approach represents an important methodological contribution to the study of tourism advertising. 6 Contributions to existing literature This study contributes to the existing literature by analysing the differences in the impact of advertising, specifically tourism advertising, with respect to the different genders and/or origins and culture of reference of individuals. Although the literature has separately explored cultural and gender aspects in advertising analysis, few studies have combined the two dimensions and so far none have focused on the tourism sector. A further contribution can be noted in terms of the extension of the cultural context: most previous studies have focused on European and Asian cultures; by analysing Italian and US citizens, the present research broadens the cultural context, offering a more comprehensive understanding of perceptual differences. At the same time, this study makes a contribution to the reference bibliography related to the use of eye-tracking devices as an additional means of analysing visual attention in tourism advertising. Finally, the results offer concrete guidelines for advertising design, helping to bridge the gap between academia and the target market (or external environment). 7 Conclusions The research conducted explored the interaction between culture, gender and advertising perception in the tourism context, with a focus on the use of advanced technologies such as eye tracking to measure the effectiveness of ads. The main objective was to understand how, in consumers, gender and/or cultural differences can interfere in the interpretation of and reaction to visual messages, in order to provide practical and theoretical insights for advertising design and tourism communication. The findings, based on a sample of Italian and US citizens, emphasised that advertising content cannot be universal, but must be adapted to the specificities of the target audience. Cultural differences are reflected in the values that each group attributes to visual and narrative elements: while Italians, linked to a collectivist culture, respond better to messages that emphasise symbols of tradition and community identity, Americans, representing an individualist culture, favour content that evokes uniqueness and personal experiences. Equally, gender differences require advertising design that satisfies different sensibilities: dynamic and adventure images for men, emotional and socially connected narratives for women. Finally, the use of eye tracking allowed the precise identification of areas of interest (AOIs) of ads, showing how consumers interact with specific visual elements. The heatmaps generated from the data revealed that strategically placed images and text significantly influence fixation time and, consequently, ad effectiveness. This experimental approach represents an important methodological contribution to the study of tourism advertising. 8 Limitations and directions for future research Potential limitations of the research can be associated with factors such as sample size and analysis methodology. In more detail: 1. non-probabilistic sample: although appropriate for the focus of the study, the use of a non-probabilistic sample limits the generalisability of the results. Future studies could adopt larger and more diverse samples to improve representativeness. 2. Exclusion of emerging technologies: the study focused on static and traditional digital advertisements. The integration of technologies such as augmented reality (AR) and virtual reality (VR) could provide a more comprehensive understanding of immersive advertising interactions. 3. Cross-sectional approach: the cross-sectional nature of the experimental design captures a specific moment of interaction. Future research could adopt longitudinal approaches to analyse how perceptual preferences evolve over time.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14242/219921
URN:NBN:IT:UNISTRADA-219921