Ancient magmatic systems have the potential to unveil numerous unresolved volcanological/petrological challenges. When both intrusive rocks and their associated volcanic counterparts are exposed, a unique opportunity arises to study magmatic complexes from a comprehensive perspective. Whereas the effusive rocks represent the volcanic activity of a magmatic system, the subvolcanic and plutonic rocks represent the hypabyssal and the deep zones of the plumbing system itself, the study of which has the potential to deepen our understanding of magmatic plumbing systems and their dynamics. Such conditions are manifested in the Dolomites (Southern Alps), where huge amounts of Middle Triassic basaltic/trachybasaltic to trachytic volcanic and subvolcanic rocks outcrop near three main intrusive bodies (Predazzo, Mt. Monzoni and Cima Pape), with pyroxenitic/gabbroic to syenitic and syenogranitic composition. The magmatic activity in this region is part of a broader event that affected the Southalpine and Austroalpine tectonic domains, leading to the emplacement of significant magmatic outcrops. While the Dolomites are renowned for their carbonate sedimentology, stratigraphy, and paleontology due to well-preserved depositional environments and abundant carbonate production, recent decades have also seen petrographic, petrologic, and tectono-magmatic studies. However, key aspects of the magmatism in the Dolomites and the Southern Alps remain poorly understood such as the volcanology of the main centres, the plumbing system geometry and processes that ignited the magmatic event, the relations between intrusive and effusive rocks and the chronologic sequences events responsible for the emplacement of the magmatic products. In this thesis, volcanological, petrological and geochronological study was performed on volcanic, subvolcanic and plutonic rocks from the main magmatic centres in the Dolomites with the aim of constrain and quantify the magmatic processes acted within the plumbing systems. This study has allowed to fully describe the dynamics that governed the volcanism in the Dolomites and completely design the architecture of the plumbing systems, thanks to comparisons with intrusive counterparts outcropping near the main centres considered. Textural and compositional analyses on clinopyroxene populations in volcanic and plutonic rocks showed that the plumbing systems that fuelled the magmatic activity in the Dolomites were dominated by periodic replenishments of the main ponding zones (⁓1.5-5.5 km) by mafic inputs that had previously disrupted and remobilised a deeper crystal mush located at ⁓10-17 km depth. This activity is responsible for the large extent compositional zoning in clinopyroxene well visible throughout the mafic volcanic and subvolcanic rocks. Remarkably, similar zoning is also present in plutonic rocks, which typically do not exhibit mineral zoning indicative of magmatic processes. These latter hide opportunities to improve the storage conditions estimations of the main ponding zones within plumbing systems. These results propose a new approach in which ancient plumbing systems are efficient tools where test and improve the model typically adopted in the study of active volcanoes. This “small-scale” study within the ancient feeding systems, has been accompanied by a “large-scale” investigation about the temporal magmatic event that emplaced and shaped the main complexes in the Dolomites. On this subject, the multi-pulse of the Predazzo complex was confirmed by the petrological, geochemical and geochronological data on phonolite dykes cutting the lava sequences, which supported the presence of an undersaturated suite and provided evidence of orogenic-like magmatic manifestation until Carnian (Upper Triassic). The U-Pb dating of titanite and zircon from phonolites and representative lithologies of the Predazzo pluton constitutes the first comprehensive geochronological study of this magmatic complex.
I sistemi magmatici antichi possono risolvere molte questioni vulcanologiche e petrologiche. Quando sia le rocce intrusive che quelle vulcaniche affiorano, si ha un’opportunità unica per studiare i complessi magmatici. Le rocce effusive rappresentano l’attività vulcanica, mentre quelle subvulcaniche e plutoniche indicano rispettivamente le zone ipoabissali e profonde del sistema di alimentazione. Lo studio di queste ultime aiuta a comprendere la struttura e la dinamica del sistema. Nelle Dolomiti (Alpi Meridionali) affiorano vaste quantità di rocce vulcaniche e subvulcaniche del Triassico Medio, con composizioni da basaltiche a trachitiche, in prossimità di tre corpi intrusivi principali (Predazzo, Monte Monzoni, Cima Pape), che variano da pirossenitico/gabbrico a sienogranitico. Questo magmatismo si inserisce in un evento più ampio che ha coinvolto i domini tettonici Sudalpino e Austroalpino. Nonostante la fama delle Dolomiti per sedimentologia e paleontologia, negli ultimi decenni si sono moltiplicati studi petrografici, petrologici e tettono-magmatici. Tuttavia, alcuni aspetti del magmatismo dolomitico restano poco chiari: la vulcanologia dei centri principali, la geometria dei sistemi di alimentazione, i processi scatenanti l’evento magmatico, le relazioni tra rocce intrusive ed effusive e la sequenza cronologica della messa in posto dei corpi plutonici. Questa tesi analizza rocce vulcaniche, subvulcaniche e plutoniche dei centri magmatici dolomitici per vincolare e quantificare i processi nei sistemi di alimentazione. Il lavoro ha permesso di ricostruire l’architettura di tali sistemi, confrontando le controparti intrusive affioranti. Le analisi tessiturali e composizionali delle popolazioni di clinopirosseno hanno mostrato che l’attività magmatica era sostenuta da rifornimenti periodici nelle principali zone di ristagno del magma (1,5-5,5 km), alimentati da ingressi mafici che riattivavano un mush cristallino più profondo (10-17 km). Questo processo è testimoniato dalla zonatura composizionale nei clinopirosseni delle rocce vulcaniche e subvulcaniche mafiche, simile a quella riscontrata nelle rocce plutoniche, le quali generalmente non mostrano zonature minerali. Questi dati migliorano le stime delle condizioni di messa in posto nelle zone di ristagno magmatico. I risultati suggeriscono un nuovo approccio in cui i sistemi di alimentazione antichi diventano strumenti per testare e migliorare i modelli usati nello studio dei vulcani attivi. Oltre allo studio su “piccola scala” dei sistemi di alimentazione, si è condotta un’indagine su “larga scala” sull’evento magmatico che ha originato i principali complessi dolomitici. Il carattere multi-intrusivo del complesso di Predazzo è stato confermato da dati petrologici, geochimici e geocronologici sui dicchi fonolitici che attraversano le sequenze laviche. Questi dati supportano l’esistenza di una suite sottosatura e forniscono prove di una manifestazione magmatica di tipo orogenico fino al Carnico (Triassico Superiore). Inoltre, la datazione U-Pb su titanite e zircone da fonoliti e litologie del plutone di Predazzo rappresenta il primo studio geocronologico completo di questo complesso magmatico.
Volcanology and petrology of Middle Triassic magmatism of the Dolomites (Southern Alps): Insights on architecture, dynamics and timescales of plumbing systems
NARDINI, NICOLO'
2025
Abstract
Ancient magmatic systems have the potential to unveil numerous unresolved volcanological/petrological challenges. When both intrusive rocks and their associated volcanic counterparts are exposed, a unique opportunity arises to study magmatic complexes from a comprehensive perspective. Whereas the effusive rocks represent the volcanic activity of a magmatic system, the subvolcanic and plutonic rocks represent the hypabyssal and the deep zones of the plumbing system itself, the study of which has the potential to deepen our understanding of magmatic plumbing systems and their dynamics. Such conditions are manifested in the Dolomites (Southern Alps), where huge amounts of Middle Triassic basaltic/trachybasaltic to trachytic volcanic and subvolcanic rocks outcrop near three main intrusive bodies (Predazzo, Mt. Monzoni and Cima Pape), with pyroxenitic/gabbroic to syenitic and syenogranitic composition. The magmatic activity in this region is part of a broader event that affected the Southalpine and Austroalpine tectonic domains, leading to the emplacement of significant magmatic outcrops. While the Dolomites are renowned for their carbonate sedimentology, stratigraphy, and paleontology due to well-preserved depositional environments and abundant carbonate production, recent decades have also seen petrographic, petrologic, and tectono-magmatic studies. However, key aspects of the magmatism in the Dolomites and the Southern Alps remain poorly understood such as the volcanology of the main centres, the plumbing system geometry and processes that ignited the magmatic event, the relations between intrusive and effusive rocks and the chronologic sequences events responsible for the emplacement of the magmatic products. In this thesis, volcanological, petrological and geochronological study was performed on volcanic, subvolcanic and plutonic rocks from the main magmatic centres in the Dolomites with the aim of constrain and quantify the magmatic processes acted within the plumbing systems. This study has allowed to fully describe the dynamics that governed the volcanism in the Dolomites and completely design the architecture of the plumbing systems, thanks to comparisons with intrusive counterparts outcropping near the main centres considered. Textural and compositional analyses on clinopyroxene populations in volcanic and plutonic rocks showed that the plumbing systems that fuelled the magmatic activity in the Dolomites were dominated by periodic replenishments of the main ponding zones (⁓1.5-5.5 km) by mafic inputs that had previously disrupted and remobilised a deeper crystal mush located at ⁓10-17 km depth. This activity is responsible for the large extent compositional zoning in clinopyroxene well visible throughout the mafic volcanic and subvolcanic rocks. Remarkably, similar zoning is also present in plutonic rocks, which typically do not exhibit mineral zoning indicative of magmatic processes. These latter hide opportunities to improve the storage conditions estimations of the main ponding zones within plumbing systems. These results propose a new approach in which ancient plumbing systems are efficient tools where test and improve the model typically adopted in the study of active volcanoes. This “small-scale” study within the ancient feeding systems, has been accompanied by a “large-scale” investigation about the temporal magmatic event that emplaced and shaped the main complexes in the Dolomites. On this subject, the multi-pulse of the Predazzo complex was confirmed by the petrological, geochemical and geochronological data on phonolite dykes cutting the lava sequences, which supported the presence of an undersaturated suite and provided evidence of orogenic-like magmatic manifestation until Carnian (Upper Triassic). The U-Pb dating of titanite and zircon from phonolites and representative lithologies of the Predazzo pluton constitutes the first comprehensive geochronological study of this magmatic complex.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14242/223217
URN:NBN:IT:UNIFE-223217