Aneuploidy is an intrinsic feature of tumor cells and cell transformation. This thesis investigates the molecular mechanisms underlying chromosomal instability and gene expression in cancer, focusing on colorectal carcinoma and breast adenocarcinoma. Previous studies have examined how gain-type chromosomal aberrations, particularly in chromosomes 20, 8q, 13, and 7, influence coding regions in colorectal cancer (CRC), leading to the identification of Over-UpT genes, which are upregulated in tumor tissue compared to normal tissue and further enhanced in tumors with specific chromosomal aberrations. These Over-UpT genes are enriched with "Fitness Genes," many of which are involved in translation initiation and mRNA polyadenylation. In this thesis, genomic and transcriptomic profiles of genes related to the Fitness-OverT pathways, including eIF2, eIF3, CSTF, and CPSF, were analyzed in a local CRC cohort, in colorectal adenocarcinoma (COAD) samples from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) and cell models. The molecular characterization of colorectal cell lines was performed using high-resolution SNP array 6.0 platform. The anticancer effects of single and combined silencing of selected genes (e.g., EIF3H, CPSF, CSTF1) were analyzed in a CRC cell line (HT-29), showing synergistic effects, particularly for the EIF3H combination, suggesting functional cooperation. The role of EIF3H in the translation of oncogenic mRNA and its interaction with METTL3, a methyltransferase involved in post-transcriptional modification, was also studied. Immunohistochemistry and Proximity Ligation Assay (PLA) confirmed the co-localization of EIF3H and METTL3, supporting the role of Fitness-OverT genes in promoting the malignant phenotype in CRC. The thesis also investigates the impact of gain-type chromosomal aberrations on non-coding regions in CRC, focusing on the transcriptomic profiles of long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs). A total of 55 UpT lncRNAs and 22 Over-UpT lncRNAs were identified in gain-type chromosomes in colorectal cancer samples through microarray analysis. Worthy of note, NORAD and SNHG6. Their expression was also studied in cell line models using microarray and q-RT PCR and confirmed in COAD samples using RNA-seq data from TCGA. Prediction tools identified specific miRNA-related Over-UpT lncRNAs, highlighting the "sponging" mechanism of these lncRNAs. In breast adenocarcinoma, the thesis explores the recurrent chromosomal aberrations of 1q-gain and 16q-loss, particularly the der (1;16) chromosome. Invasive ductal carcinoma cell cultures bearing the chromosomal aberration der (1;16) and control cell cultures without this aberration were selected. Molecular karyotypes, allele differences, and CN (Copy Number) status were obtained using SNP array 6.0. A previous analysis based on molecular data from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) for der (1;16) chromogroups highlighted dysregulated signaling pathways, including the Notch pathway, the beta-catenin complex, and Wnt signaling. In this context, the characterization of invasive ductal carcinoma cell lines with this aberration revealed dysfunctional genes on chromosomes 1q and 16q, including subunits of gamma-secretase (APH1A, PSEN2, and NCSTN) (1q gain), components of the Wnt enhanceosome (BCL9 and PYGO2) (1q gain), and E-cadherin (CDH1) (16q loss). These dysregulated genes were analyzed using high-definition microarray chips, SNP 6.0 and the Human Transcriptome Array 2.0 (67,000 transcripts). Experiments on a breast cancer model carrying der (1;16) evaluated the combined effect of a gamma-secretase inhibitor and BCL9 silencing, showing an impact on cell viability, indicative of functional interactions. Finally, in this thesis, the use of biotinylated β- and γ-cyclodextrin (CyD) dimers was explored for targeted doxorubicin delivery in cancer cells, particularly in the MCF7 breast cancer cell line. This cell line was selected for its high expression of the sodium-dependent multivitamin transporter (SLC5A6), a transporter responsible for biotin uptake, making it a potential target for biotin-based drug delivery systems. The study evaluated the effect of these bioconjugates on doxorubicin’s antiproliferative activity and examined the transcript levels of enzymes involved in biotin metabolism (Holocarboxylase Synthetase and Biotinidase) and the ABCG2 transporter, which plays a role in drug resistance. The results indicated that doxorubicin combined with cyclodextrin dimers showed greater cytotoxicity compared to the free drug, while the incorporation of the biotin moiety in the β-CyD dimer proved to be the most effective in delivering the drug.
L'aneuploidia è una caratteristica intrinseca delle cellule tumorali e della trasformazione cellulare. Questa tesi di dottorato indaga i meccanismi molecolari alla base dell'instabilità cromosomica e dell'espressione genica nel cancro, concentrandosi sul carcinoma colorettale e sull'adenocarcinoma mammario. Studi precedenti hanno esaminato come le aberrazioni cromosomiche di tipo “gain” (guadagno), in particolare nei cromosomi 20, 8q, 13 e 7, influenzino le regioni codificanti nel carcinoma colorettale (CRC), portando all'identificazione di geni Over-UpT, che risultano sovraespressi nel tessuto tumorale rispetto al tessuto normale e ulteriormente potenziati nei tumori con specifiche aberrazioni cromosomiche. Questi geni Over-UpT sono arricchiti di "Fitness Genes", molti dei quali coinvolti nell’inizio della traduzione e nella poliadenilazione dell'mRNA. In questa tesi, sono stati analizzati i profili genomici e trascrittomici dei geni correlati ai pathway Fitness-OverT, tra cui eIF2, eIF3, CSTF e CPSF, in una coorte locale di CRC, nei campioni di adenocarcinoma del colon (COAD) del The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) e nei modelli cellulari. La caratterizzazione molecolare delle linee cellulari di carcinoma colorettale è stata eseguita utilizzando piattaforma ad alta risoluzione SNP array 6.0. Gli effetti antitumorali del silenziamento singolo e combinato di alcuni geni (ad esempio, EIF3H, CPSF, CSTF1) sono stati analizzati in una linea cellulare di CRC (HT-29), mostrando effetti sinergici, in particolare per la combinazione con EIF3H, suggerendo una cooperazione funzionale. È stato inoltre studiato il ruolo di EIF3H nella traduzione degli mRNA oncogenici e la sua interazione con METTL3, una metiltransferasi coinvolta nella modifica post-trascrizionale. L'immunoistochimica e il Proximity Ligation Assay (PLA) hanno confermato la co-localizzazione di EIF3H e METTL3, supportando il ruolo dei geni Fitness-OverT nella promozione del fenotipo maligno nel CRC. In questa tesi si indaga inoltre l'impatto delle aberrazioni cromosomiche di tipo gain sulle regioni non codificanti, in particolare sui profili trascrittomici di long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs). Un totale di 55 lncRNAs UpT e 22 lncRNAs Over-UpT sono stati identificati nei cromosomi di tipo gain in campioni di carcinoma colorettale tramite tecnologia microarray. Tra questi degni di nota risultano NORAD e SNHG6. La loro espressione è stata indagata anche nei modelli di linee cellulari tramite microarray e q-RT PCR, e confermata nei campioni COAD utilizzando i dati di RNA-seq del TCGA. Gli strumenti di predizione hanno identificato specifici lncRNA Over-UpT correlati a miRNA, evidenziando il meccanismo di "spugna" di lncRNA Over-UpT. Nell'adenocarcinoma mammario, la tesi esplora le aberrazioni cromosomiche ricorrenti 1q-gain e 16q-loss, in particolare il cromosoma der (1;16). Sono state selezionate linee cellulari di carcinoma duttale invasivo portatrici dell'aberrazione cromosomica der (1;16) e colture cellulari di controllo prive di tale aberrazione; i cariotipi molecolari, le differenze alleliche e lo stato CN (Numero di Copie) sono stati ottenuti tramite SNP array 6.0. Una precedente analisi basata sui dati molecolari forniti dal The Cancer Genome Atlas nei cromogruppi der (1;16), ha evidenziato vie di segnalazione disgregolate, tra cui la via di Notch, il complesso beta-catenina e la segnalazione Wnt. In questo contesto, la caratterizzazione delle linee cellulari di carcinoma duttale invasivo con questa aberrazione ha rivelato geni disfunzionali nei cromosomi 1q e 16q, tra cui le subunità della gamma-secretasi (APH1A, PSEN2 e NCSTN) (1q-gain), i componenti dell'enhanceosome di Wnt (BCL9 e PYGO2) (1q-gain) e la E-caderina (CDH1) (16q-loss). Questi geni disregolati sono stati analizzati utilizzando chip microarrays ad alta definizione, SNP e Human Transcriptome Array 2.0 (67.000 trascritti). Gli esperimenti su un modello di linea cellulare di carcinoma mammario portatore dell’aberrazione der (1;16) hanno inoltre valutato l'effetto combinato di un inibitore della gamma-secretasi e del silenziamento di BCL9, mostrando un impatto sulla vitalità cellulare, indice di interazioni funzionali. Infine, in questa tesi è stato valutato l'uso di dimeri biotinilati di β- e γ-ciclodestrina (CyD) per il rilascio mirato (targeted drug delivery) di doxorubicina nelle cellule tumorali, in particolare nella linea di carcinoma mammario MCF7. Questa linea è stata selezionata per la sua alta espressione del trasportatore multivitaminico sodio-dipendente (SLC5A6) responsabile dell'assorbimento di biotina, rendendolo un potenziale bersaglio per i sistemi di rilascio di farmaci basati sulla biotina. Lo studio ha valutato l'effetto di questi bioconiugati sull'attività antiproliferativa della doxorubicina e ha esaminato i livelli di trascrizione degli enzimi coinvolti nel metabolismo della biotina (Holocarboxylase Synthetase e Biotinidase) e del trasportatore ABCG2, che svolge un ruolo nella resistenza ai farmaci. I risultati hanno indicato che la doxorubicina combinata con i dimeri di ciclodestrina ha una maggiore citotossicità rispetto al farmaco libero, mentre l'incorporazione della biotina nel dimero di β-CyD si è dimostrata la più efficace nel veicolare il farmaco.
Interazioni funzionali di trascritti over-espressi associati ad ampie aberrazioni del numero di copie nei tumori solidi
SCUDERI, CHIARA
2025
Abstract
Aneuploidy is an intrinsic feature of tumor cells and cell transformation. This thesis investigates the molecular mechanisms underlying chromosomal instability and gene expression in cancer, focusing on colorectal carcinoma and breast adenocarcinoma. Previous studies have examined how gain-type chromosomal aberrations, particularly in chromosomes 20, 8q, 13, and 7, influence coding regions in colorectal cancer (CRC), leading to the identification of Over-UpT genes, which are upregulated in tumor tissue compared to normal tissue and further enhanced in tumors with specific chromosomal aberrations. These Over-UpT genes are enriched with "Fitness Genes," many of which are involved in translation initiation and mRNA polyadenylation. In this thesis, genomic and transcriptomic profiles of genes related to the Fitness-OverT pathways, including eIF2, eIF3, CSTF, and CPSF, were analyzed in a local CRC cohort, in colorectal adenocarcinoma (COAD) samples from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) and cell models. The molecular characterization of colorectal cell lines was performed using high-resolution SNP array 6.0 platform. The anticancer effects of single and combined silencing of selected genes (e.g., EIF3H, CPSF, CSTF1) were analyzed in a CRC cell line (HT-29), showing synergistic effects, particularly for the EIF3H combination, suggesting functional cooperation. The role of EIF3H in the translation of oncogenic mRNA and its interaction with METTL3, a methyltransferase involved in post-transcriptional modification, was also studied. Immunohistochemistry and Proximity Ligation Assay (PLA) confirmed the co-localization of EIF3H and METTL3, supporting the role of Fitness-OverT genes in promoting the malignant phenotype in CRC. The thesis also investigates the impact of gain-type chromosomal aberrations on non-coding regions in CRC, focusing on the transcriptomic profiles of long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs). A total of 55 UpT lncRNAs and 22 Over-UpT lncRNAs were identified in gain-type chromosomes in colorectal cancer samples through microarray analysis. Worthy of note, NORAD and SNHG6. Their expression was also studied in cell line models using microarray and q-RT PCR and confirmed in COAD samples using RNA-seq data from TCGA. Prediction tools identified specific miRNA-related Over-UpT lncRNAs, highlighting the "sponging" mechanism of these lncRNAs. In breast adenocarcinoma, the thesis explores the recurrent chromosomal aberrations of 1q-gain and 16q-loss, particularly the der (1;16) chromosome. Invasive ductal carcinoma cell cultures bearing the chromosomal aberration der (1;16) and control cell cultures without this aberration were selected. Molecular karyotypes, allele differences, and CN (Copy Number) status were obtained using SNP array 6.0. A previous analysis based on molecular data from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) for der (1;16) chromogroups highlighted dysregulated signaling pathways, including the Notch pathway, the beta-catenin complex, and Wnt signaling. In this context, the characterization of invasive ductal carcinoma cell lines with this aberration revealed dysfunctional genes on chromosomes 1q and 16q, including subunits of gamma-secretase (APH1A, PSEN2, and NCSTN) (1q gain), components of the Wnt enhanceosome (BCL9 and PYGO2) (1q gain), and E-cadherin (CDH1) (16q loss). These dysregulated genes were analyzed using high-definition microarray chips, SNP 6.0 and the Human Transcriptome Array 2.0 (67,000 transcripts). Experiments on a breast cancer model carrying der (1;16) evaluated the combined effect of a gamma-secretase inhibitor and BCL9 silencing, showing an impact on cell viability, indicative of functional interactions. Finally, in this thesis, the use of biotinylated β- and γ-cyclodextrin (CyD) dimers was explored for targeted doxorubicin delivery in cancer cells, particularly in the MCF7 breast cancer cell line. This cell line was selected for its high expression of the sodium-dependent multivitamin transporter (SLC5A6), a transporter responsible for biotin uptake, making it a potential target for biotin-based drug delivery systems. The study evaluated the effect of these bioconjugates on doxorubicin’s antiproliferative activity and examined the transcript levels of enzymes involved in biotin metabolism (Holocarboxylase Synthetase and Biotinidase) and the ABCG2 transporter, which plays a role in drug resistance. The results indicated that doxorubicin combined with cyclodextrin dimers showed greater cytotoxicity compared to the free drug, while the incorporation of the biotin moiety in the β-CyD dimer proved to be the most effective in delivering the drug.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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Tesi PhD Chiara Scuderi XXXVII ciclo.pdf
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14242/223235
URN:NBN:IT:UNICT-223235