Introduction This doctoral thesis focuses on the analysis of the paradigm of shared administration in the Italian legal system, with an application focus on some instruments of environmental protection and safeguard: river contracts and regulatory sandboxes in the environmental field. In particular, this paper takes its starting point from the first theorization of the shared administration model due to Feliciano Benvenuti and his work, recognized as his scientific testament, "Il nuovo cittadino: tra libertà garantita e libertà attiva." Within this, the author imagines the possibility of implementing a new relationship between state and citizen through the realization of the latter's direct participation of administrative functions: demarchy (demarchica). Starting from this theory, which wants the citizen and the Public Administration placed on an equal footing and co-administrators, we proceeded to the analysis of the subsequent theories developed on the subject and which find their cornerstone in Gregorio Arena's work "Introduzione all’amministrazione condivisa". In particular, the two theses, while starting from similar premises and definitions of shared administration, arrive at different consequences and applications. Therefore, the legal basis and main elements related to the concept of shared administration were analyzed to understand whether and which of the two paths is actually viable. Having analyzed the constitutional legislation to which the paradigm in question refers (Art. 1, 2, 97 and 118 co.4), we proceeded to "deconstruct" the concept of shared administration, that is, to reduce it to its minimum elements, to those essential characters, which allow it to be given a full grounding meaning. Therefore, shared administration was broken down in light of the legal categories of administrative act, administrative activity and administrative function. Lastly, the paradigm was "reconstructed" with the help of the analyzed legal basis and the newly extrapolated meanings. Having ascertained the meaning and possible implications of the shared administration model, we proceeded to ascertain whether it found application (or could possibly find application) in environmental law, identifying a trend that increasingly recognizes the importance of private input in environmental protection and preservation, moving away from the more traditional forms of intervention based on the command-and-control model. After giving an account of the evolution of the main models of administrative intervention to safeguard the environment, the model of shared administration was related to environmental law through reference the two legal institutions of river contracts and regulatory sandboxes. Objectives and research questions The motivations for this doctoral research stem from several factors. The first motivation is purely scientific in nature: both doctrine and jurisprudence have written extensively on the concept of shared administration over the past three decades, yet without reaching a consensus. In contrast, scholarly contributions correlating shared administration with environmental protection are less frequent, although this cannot be attributed to a lack of academic relevance. The cause of this gap probably lies in the fact that environmental law has traditionally been seen as an area of law dominated by the "command and control" model, in which public authority acts through authoritative powers that influence the legal sphere of others. It is equally evident that although historically state intervention in the field has always been through the use of command and control institutions, recently there has been a growing conviction that these instruments respond less and less to the new needs of environmental protection, economic and consensual instruments being preferred. The latter, besides being effective, have less impact on the public budget. These considerations give rise to the questions underlying this thesis, which can be conceptually and ideally divided into two areas. The first aims to analyze the paradigm of shared administration and its compatibility with the Italian legal system. The second intends to explore whether this model can find application in the environmental sphere, going beyond the economic or consensual tools used and considering the possibility of co-exercise of functions by private individuals, whether individual or associated. The need behind this research is twofold: on the one hand, there is a growing demand for citizen participation in decision-making processes. From this perspective, shared administration appears to be the most suitable model for understanding whether participation so intense as to reach the co-exercise of administrative functions can be compatible with our constitutional arrangement and whether it meets the best interest of the community. On the other hand, there is the practical need to find an answer to the need for action in the environmental field, given the worrying global situation. Limitations of the existing literature There is a fairly extensive scholarly literature on the topic of shared administration, which has developed over the past three decades, starting with the publication of Feliciano Benvenuti's "Il nuovo cittadino: tra libertà garantita e libertà attiva". Alongside this first strand of research - which is headed, precisely, by Benvenuti - a second one has developed, which takes its starting point from Gregorio Arena's work, "Introduzione all’amministrazione condivisa". Although the two orientations start from the same premises, whereby demarchy for Feliciano Benvenuti, and shared administration for Arena are both synonymous with private participation in the public function, they arrive at completely different applications. In fact, Benvenuti's theory proposes a certainly more rigid approach to the paradigm, while Arena's theory proposes a broader approach. Much scarcer, however, are contributions analyzing the paradigm of shared administration in relation to environmental law, as well as contributions providing a dogmatic approach to the sharing model in order to understand whether within the Italian constitutional and administrative system, there is a space for the sharing of administrative functions between state and citizen. Alongside the doctrine, there are a number of case law pronouncements-mostly constitutional-which have only recently dealt with shared administration and which we proceeded to analyze. Methodology To achieve the outlined objectives, various research methodologies were employed. In the first chapter, which is more focused on the analysis and comparison of the two existing theoretical strands, we first proceeded with a doctrinal analysis, with the aim of comparing the positions and opinions of scholars. Secondly, wishing to seek a legal basis for the theory of shared administration, it proceeded with a normative analysis having as its object the dictates of the Italian Constitution. In the second chapter of the thesis, we proceeded with a "deconstruction" of the paradigm of shared administration, that is, a reduction of it into minimal legal categories, with the aim of being able to "reconstruct" it with a meaning having a solid dogmatic basis. In the third and final part, both doctrinal and normative analysis was followed up: analyzing the theses of that part of the doctrine that recognizes the existence of the paradigm of shared administration in the environmental sphere, the resilience of that position was tested through an analysis of the legislation concerning the two instruments of river contracts and regulatory sandboxes. Results The results achieved with this doctoral paper can be summarized as follows: - analysis of the shared administration model, starting from the earliest theorizing to the main case law pronouncements and the main norms that directly or indirectly refer to it; - legal basis of the shared administration model in the current system; - analysis of the concept of shared administration in light of the main legal categories of administrative law; - screening of the environmental protection tools of river contracts and regulatory sandboxes, which part of the doctrine recognizes as tools of shared administration and categorization in the correct administration models. Contributions to the existing literature This paper fits into the existing literature by providing a clear administrative and constitutional legal basis for the shared administration model, filling, in this sense a clear gap scientifically. Studies to date in the existing literature lack, in fact, dogmatic insight into the topic, focusing mainly on operational, empirical or applicative aspects. The further contribution that this thesis makes to the existing literature is to relate shared administration to environmental protection, a topic little screened to date by the doctrine: it subjects to verification the possibility that the trend that wants a greater presence in environmental protection of the citizen may come to admit its contribution through the co-exercise of administrative functions with the Public Administration. Conclusions The analysis carried out with this doctoral dissertation has made it possible to shed light on a topic, that of shared administration, on which, and because of its strong interdisciplinary nature and particular practical relevance, there were no contributions capable of reading the phenomenon with the scientific rigor that it deserves. Although in fact the conclusions reached have rubricated the model in question within utopian theories, it is still an imperfect utopia, that is, a theory having a clear and precise legal value, unrealizable in its completeness and totality, but equally capable of shaping the legal system through its frustration. It is only from this perspective that all the environmental legal institutions analyzed can be considered an expression of shared administration. And it is precisely because of the profound legal value that this has, as well as because of the ability to find it in all institutions that contemplate a relationship between citizen and Authority, that it was deemed necessary to pursue an analysis that, starting from the constitutional foundations, would relate shared administration to the main elements of administrative law. Limits and directions of future research The research under review, while developing over a fairly vast area of legal production, taking into consideration constitutional legislation, primary legislation concerning certain sectors of the legal system (environment, procurement, c.t.s. in primis), doctrinal and jurisprudential production, does not put in place, except with very brief hints, any kind of comparative analysis of the law. Said limitation, while constituting an unexplored part of the present work, represents a clear trajectory for future research, especially if one considers the wealth and breadth of solutions that foreign legal systems can provide in the area of administration of public affairs. The topic of shared administration, especially through its framing within the present work as an "imperfect utopia," opens the field to a potentially endless array of future research, even those not necessarily related to environmental law. Wanting to mention a few, one need only think of the recent entry into force of the new procurement code (legislative decree 36/2023) and the application that will soon be made by case law of Article 6, which for the first time openly introduces the syntagma "shared administration" in a norm of the legal system. Remaining in the environmental field, one could analyze other instruments that import the necessary participation of the private party in the preservation of the ecosystem to understand how much the paradigm under consideration has influenced their regulation: energy communities, landscape contracts and forest contracts are some of the legal arrangement of possible research. Wanting, on the other hand, to remain on the level of general legal theory, a further interesting line of research is surely that which compares the model of shared administration with that of self-administration, which has only been alluded to in the present discussion for reasons of economy of exposition.
Introduzione La presente tesi di dottorato è incentrata sull’analisi del paradigma dell’amministrazione condivisa nell’ordinamento giuridico italiano, con un focus applicativo su alcuni strumenti di tutela e di protezione dell’ambiente: i contratti di fiume e le sandbox normative in campo ambientale. In particolare, il presente lavoro prende le mosse dalla prima teorizzazione del modello di amministrazione condivisa che si deve a Feliciano Benvenuti e alla sua opera, riconosciuta come il suo testamento scientifico, “Il nuovo cittadino: tra libertà garantita e libertà attiva”. All’interno di questa l’Autore immagina la possibilità di attuare un nuovo rapporto tra Stato e cittadino attraverso la realizzazione di una partecipazione diretta di quest’ultimo delle funzioni amministrative: la demarchia. Partendo da questa teoria, che vuole il cittadino e la Pubblica Amministrazione poste su un piano di parità e co-amministranti, si è proceduto all’analisi delle successive teorie sviluppatesi sul tema e che trovano il proprio caposaldo nell’opera di Gregorio Arena “Introduzione all’amministrazione condivisa”. In particolare, le due tesi, pur partendo da premesse e definizioni analoghe di amministrazione condivisa, giungono a conseguenze ed applicazioni differenti. Perciò, si è proceduto all’analisi della base giuridica e dei principali elementi connessi al concetto di amministrazione condivisa per comprendere se e quale delle due strade risulti effettivamente percorribile. Analizzata la normativa costituzionale a cui si rifà il paradigma in parola (art. 1, 2, 97 e 118 co.4), si è proceduto a “decostruire” il concetto di amministrazione condivisa, ossia a ridurlo ai suoi elementi minimi, a quei caratteri essenziali, che permettono di dargli un significato pieno di fondamento. Pertanto, si è proceduto alla scomposizione dell’amministrazione condivisa alla luce delle categorie giuridiche dell’atto amministrativo, dell’attività amministrativa e della funzione amministrativa. Da ultimo, si è “ricostruito” il paradigma con l’aiuto della base giuridica analizzata e dei nuovi significati estrapolati. Acclarato il significato e le implicazioni possibili del modello di amministrazione condivisa, si è proceduto a verificare se questa trovasse applicazione (o eventualmente possa trovare applicazione) nel diritto ambientale, individuando un trend che riconosce sempre maggiore rilevanza all’apporto del privato nella tutela e nella protezione dell’ambiente, allontanandosi dalle forme più tradizionali di intervento basate sul modello di command and control. Dopo aver dato conto dell’evoluzione dei principali modelli di intervento amministrativo a salvaguardia dell’ambiente, si è proceduto a mettere in relazione il modello di amministrazione condivisa con l’ordinamento ambientale attraverso il riferimento i due istituti giuridici dei contratti di fiume e delle regulatory sandbox. Obiettivi e domande di ricerca Le motivazioni di questa ricerca dottorale derivano da diversi fattori. La prima motivazione è di natura puramente scientifica: sia la dottrina che la giurisprudenza hanno scritto molto sul concetto di amministrazione condivisa negli ultimi trent’anni, senza tuttavia raggiungere un consenso. Sono invece meno frequenti i contributi scientifici che correlano l’amministrazione condivisa con la tutela ambientale, nonostante ciò non possa essere attribuito a una mancanza di rilevanza accademica. La causa di tale lacuna probabilmente risiede nel fatto che il diritto ambientale è tradizionalmente visto come un settore del diritto dominato dal modello "command and control", in cui l’autorità pubblica agisce attraverso poteri autoritativi che influenzano la sfera giuridica altrui. È altrettanto evidente che, sebbene storicamente l’intervento statale in materia sia sempre avvenuto tramite l’uso di istituti di command and control, di recente si è diffusa la convinzione che questi strumenti rispondano sempre meno alle nuove esigenze di protezione ambientale, essedo preferiti strumenti economici e consensuali. Questi ultimi, oltre a essere efficaci, hanno un minore impatto sul bilancio pubblico. Da queste considerazioni nascono le domande che sono alla base di questa tesi, che può essere concettualmente e idealmente suddivisa in due aree. La prima si propone di analizzare il paradigma dell’amministrazione condivisa e la sua compatibilità con l’ordinamento giuridico italiano. La seconda intende esplorare se questo modello possa trovare applicazione in ambito ambientale, andando oltre gli strumenti economici o consensuali usati e considerando la possibilità di co-esercizio di funzioni da parte dei privati, singoli o associati. La necessità alla base di questa ricerca è duplice: da un lato, vi è una crescente richiesta di partecipazione ai processi decisionali da parte dei cittadini. In quest’ottica, l’amministrazione condivisa appare il modello più indicato per comprendere se una partecipazione così intensa da arrivare al co-esercizio delle funzioni amministrative possa essere compatibile con il nostro assetto costituzionale e se risponda al migliore interesse della collettività. Dall’altro lato, vi è l’esigenza pratica di trovare una risposta alla necessità di intervento in campo ambientale, considerata la preoccupante situazione globale. Limitazioni della letteratura esistente Sul tema dell’amministrazione condivisa esiste una letteratura scientifica abbastanza ampia e che si è sviluppata negli ultimi trent’anni, a partire dalla pubblicazione de “Il nuovo cittadino: la libertà garantita e libertà attiva” di Feliciano Benvenuti. Accanto a questo primo filone di ricerca, che fa capo, appunto a Benvenuti, se n’è sviluppato un secondo che prende le mosse dall’opera di Gregorio Arena, “Introduzione all’amministrazione condivisa”. I due orientamenti, sebbene partano da premesse uguali, per cui la demarchia per Feliciano Benvenuti, e l’amministrazione condivisa per Arena sono entrambe sinonimo di partecipazione del privato alla funzione pubblica, giungono ad applicazioni completamente differenti. Infatti, la teoria di Benvenuti propone un approccio certamente più rigido del paradigma, mentre la teoria di Arena propone un approccio più ampio. Molto più scarsi, invece, i contributi che analizzino il paradigma dell’amministrazione condivisa in relazione al diritto dell’ambiente, così come i contributi che forniscano un approccio dogmatico al modello condivisivo, al fine di comprendere se all’interno dell’ordinamento costituzionale e amministrativo italiano, vi sia uno spazio per la condivisione di funzioni amministrative tra Stato e cittadino. Accanto alla dottrina, si registrano alcune pronunce della giurisprudenza – prevalentemente costituzionale – che si sono occupate, solo di recente, di amministrazione condivisa e che si è proceduto ad analizzare. Metodologia Per raggiungere gli obiettivi delineati, si è proceduto all’utilizzo di varie metodologie di ricerca. Nel primo capitolo, maggiormente incentrato nell’analisi e nella comparazione dei due filoni teorici esistenti si è proceduto dapprima con un’analisi dottrinale, con l’obiettivo di confrontare le posizioni e le opinioni degli studiosi. Secondariamente, volendo ricercare una base giuridica alla teoria dell’amministrazione condivisa si è proceduto con un’analisi normativa avente ad oggetto i dettami della Costituzione italiana. Nel secondo capitolo della tesi, si è proseguito con una “decostruzione” del paradigma dell’amministrazione condivisa, ossia una riduzione di questo in categorie giuridiche minime, con l’obiettivo di poterlo “ricostruire” con un significato avente una solida base dogmatica. Nella terza ed ultima parte, si è dato seguito ad un’analisi sia dottrinale che normativa: analizzate le tesi di quella parte della dottrina che riconosce l’esistenza del paradigma dell’amministrazione condivisa in ambito ambientale, si è messa alla prova la tenuta di detta posizione attraverso un’analisi della normativa concernente i due strumenti dei contratti di fiume e delle regulatory sandbox. Risultati I risultati raggiunti con il presente elaborato dottorale possono essere così riassunti: - analisi del modello di amministrazione condivisa, partendo dalla prima teorizzazione fino alle principali pronunce giurisprudenziali e le principali norme che, direttamente o indirettamente, lo richiamano; - predisposizione di una base giuridica del modello di amministrazione condivisa nell’attuale ordinamento; - analisi del concetto di amministrazione condivisa alla luce delle principali categorie giuridiche del diritto amministrativo; - vaglio degli strumenti di tutela dell’ambiente dei contratti di fiume e delle sandbox normative, che parte della dottrina riconosce come strumenti di amministrazione condivisa e categorizzazione nei modelli di amministrazione corretti. Contributi alla letteratura esistente Il presente lavoro si inserisce nella letteratura esistente fornendo una base giuridica chiara dal punto di vista amministrativo e costituzionale al modello dell’amministrazione condivisa, colmando, in questo senso un chiaro gap scientifico. Gli studi fino ad oggi condotti dalla letteratura esistente mancano, infatti, di un approfondimento dogmatico sul tema, concentrandosi prevalentemente su aspetti operativi, empirici o applicativi. L’ulteriore contributo che la presente tesi apporta alla letteratura esistente è quello di porre in relazione l’amministrazione condivisa con la tutela dell’ambiente, argomento poco vagliato ad oggi dalla dottrina: si sottopone a verifica la possibilità che quel trend che vuole una maggiore presenza nella tutela dell’ambiente del cittadino possa giungere ad ammettere un suo contributo mediante il co-esercizio di funzioni amministrative con la Pubblica Amministrazione. Conclusioni L’analisi realizzata con la presente tesi dottorale ha permesso di fare chiarezza su un tema, quello dell’amministrazione condivisa, su cui, e per la forte interdisciplinarietà, e per la particolare rilevanza pratica, non si registravano contributi capaci di leggere il fenomeno col rigore scientifico che questo merita. Sebbene infatti le conclusioni raggiunte abbiano rubricato il modello in parola all’interno delle teorie utopiche, trattasi pur sempre di una utopia imperfetta, ossia una teoria avente un chiaro e preciso valore giuridico, irrealizzabile nella sua completezza e nella sua totalità, ma capace di plasmare ugualmente l’ordinamento giuridico attraverso la sua frustrazione. E’ solo in quest’ottica che tutti gli istituti giuridici ambientali analizzati possono essere considerati espressione di amministrazione condivisa. Ed è proprio per il profondo valore giuridico che questa ha, oltre che per la capacità di ritrovarla in tutti gli istituti che contemplano un rapporto tra cittadino e Autorità, che si è ritenuto doveroso portare avanti un’analisi che, partendo dalle fondamenta costituzionali, ponesse in relazione l’amministrazione condivisa con i principali elementi del diritto amministrativo. Limiti e traiettorie di ricerca futura La ricerca in esame, pur sviluppandosi su un’area della produzione giuridica abbastanza vasta, prendendo in considerazione la normativa costituzionale, la normativa di rango primario concernente alcuni settori dell’ordinamento ( ambiente, appalti, c.t.s. in primis), la produzione dottrinale e giurisprudenziale, non pone in essere, se non con brevissimi cenni, alcun tipo di analisi comparata del diritto. Detto limite, se da una parte costituisce una parte inesplorata da parte del presente lavoro, dall’altra rappresenta una chiara traiettoria di ricerca futura, soprattutto se si considera la ricchezza e la vastità di soluzioni che gli ordinamenti giuridici stranieri possono fornire in materia di amministrazione della cosa pubblica. L’argomento dell’amministrazione condivisa, soprattutto grazie all’inquadramento che si è fatto all’interno del presente lavoro quale “utopia imperfetta”, apre il campo ad una serie potenzialmente infinita di future ricerche, anche non necessariamente collegate al diritto ambientale. Volendone citare alcune, basti solo pensare alla recente entrata in vigore del nuovo codice degli appalti (d. lgs. 36/2023) e all’applicazione che da qui a breve farà la giurisprudenza dell’art. 6, che per la prima volta introduce apertamente il sintagma “amministrazione condivisa” in un norma dell’ordinamento. Rimanendo in campo ambientale, si potrebbero analizzare altri strumenti che importano la necessaria partecipazione del privato alla salvaguardia dell’ecosistema per comprendere quanto il paradigma in esame ne abbia influenzato la disciplina: comunità energetiche, contratti di paesaggio e contratti di foresta sono alcuni degli istituti di possibile ricerca. Volendo, invece, rimanere sul piano della teoria generale del diritto, un’ulteriore interessante linea di ricerca è sicuramente quella che pone in comparazione il modello di amministrazione condivisa con quello di autoamministrazione, a cui si è solo accennato nella presente trattazione per ragioni di economia espositiva.
L’amministrazione condivisa nell’ordinamento giuridico italiano. Analisi e possibili applicazioni a tutela dell’ambiente
Maesano, Antonio
2025
Abstract
Introduction This doctoral thesis focuses on the analysis of the paradigm of shared administration in the Italian legal system, with an application focus on some instruments of environmental protection and safeguard: river contracts and regulatory sandboxes in the environmental field. In particular, this paper takes its starting point from the first theorization of the shared administration model due to Feliciano Benvenuti and his work, recognized as his scientific testament, "Il nuovo cittadino: tra libertà garantita e libertà attiva." Within this, the author imagines the possibility of implementing a new relationship between state and citizen through the realization of the latter's direct participation of administrative functions: demarchy (demarchica). Starting from this theory, which wants the citizen and the Public Administration placed on an equal footing and co-administrators, we proceeded to the analysis of the subsequent theories developed on the subject and which find their cornerstone in Gregorio Arena's work "Introduzione all’amministrazione condivisa". In particular, the two theses, while starting from similar premises and definitions of shared administration, arrive at different consequences and applications. Therefore, the legal basis and main elements related to the concept of shared administration were analyzed to understand whether and which of the two paths is actually viable. Having analyzed the constitutional legislation to which the paradigm in question refers (Art. 1, 2, 97 and 118 co.4), we proceeded to "deconstruct" the concept of shared administration, that is, to reduce it to its minimum elements, to those essential characters, which allow it to be given a full grounding meaning. Therefore, shared administration was broken down in light of the legal categories of administrative act, administrative activity and administrative function. Lastly, the paradigm was "reconstructed" with the help of the analyzed legal basis and the newly extrapolated meanings. Having ascertained the meaning and possible implications of the shared administration model, we proceeded to ascertain whether it found application (or could possibly find application) in environmental law, identifying a trend that increasingly recognizes the importance of private input in environmental protection and preservation, moving away from the more traditional forms of intervention based on the command-and-control model. After giving an account of the evolution of the main models of administrative intervention to safeguard the environment, the model of shared administration was related to environmental law through reference the two legal institutions of river contracts and regulatory sandboxes. Objectives and research questions The motivations for this doctoral research stem from several factors. The first motivation is purely scientific in nature: both doctrine and jurisprudence have written extensively on the concept of shared administration over the past three decades, yet without reaching a consensus. In contrast, scholarly contributions correlating shared administration with environmental protection are less frequent, although this cannot be attributed to a lack of academic relevance. The cause of this gap probably lies in the fact that environmental law has traditionally been seen as an area of law dominated by the "command and control" model, in which public authority acts through authoritative powers that influence the legal sphere of others. It is equally evident that although historically state intervention in the field has always been through the use of command and control institutions, recently there has been a growing conviction that these instruments respond less and less to the new needs of environmental protection, economic and consensual instruments being preferred. The latter, besides being effective, have less impact on the public budget. These considerations give rise to the questions underlying this thesis, which can be conceptually and ideally divided into two areas. The first aims to analyze the paradigm of shared administration and its compatibility with the Italian legal system. The second intends to explore whether this model can find application in the environmental sphere, going beyond the economic or consensual tools used and considering the possibility of co-exercise of functions by private individuals, whether individual or associated. The need behind this research is twofold: on the one hand, there is a growing demand for citizen participation in decision-making processes. From this perspective, shared administration appears to be the most suitable model for understanding whether participation so intense as to reach the co-exercise of administrative functions can be compatible with our constitutional arrangement and whether it meets the best interest of the community. On the other hand, there is the practical need to find an answer to the need for action in the environmental field, given the worrying global situation. Limitations of the existing literature There is a fairly extensive scholarly literature on the topic of shared administration, which has developed over the past three decades, starting with the publication of Feliciano Benvenuti's "Il nuovo cittadino: tra libertà garantita e libertà attiva". Alongside this first strand of research - which is headed, precisely, by Benvenuti - a second one has developed, which takes its starting point from Gregorio Arena's work, "Introduzione all’amministrazione condivisa". Although the two orientations start from the same premises, whereby demarchy for Feliciano Benvenuti, and shared administration for Arena are both synonymous with private participation in the public function, they arrive at completely different applications. In fact, Benvenuti's theory proposes a certainly more rigid approach to the paradigm, while Arena's theory proposes a broader approach. Much scarcer, however, are contributions analyzing the paradigm of shared administration in relation to environmental law, as well as contributions providing a dogmatic approach to the sharing model in order to understand whether within the Italian constitutional and administrative system, there is a space for the sharing of administrative functions between state and citizen. Alongside the doctrine, there are a number of case law pronouncements-mostly constitutional-which have only recently dealt with shared administration and which we proceeded to analyze. Methodology To achieve the outlined objectives, various research methodologies were employed. In the first chapter, which is more focused on the analysis and comparison of the two existing theoretical strands, we first proceeded with a doctrinal analysis, with the aim of comparing the positions and opinions of scholars. Secondly, wishing to seek a legal basis for the theory of shared administration, it proceeded with a normative analysis having as its object the dictates of the Italian Constitution. In the second chapter of the thesis, we proceeded with a "deconstruction" of the paradigm of shared administration, that is, a reduction of it into minimal legal categories, with the aim of being able to "reconstruct" it with a meaning having a solid dogmatic basis. In the third and final part, both doctrinal and normative analysis was followed up: analyzing the theses of that part of the doctrine that recognizes the existence of the paradigm of shared administration in the environmental sphere, the resilience of that position was tested through an analysis of the legislation concerning the two instruments of river contracts and regulatory sandboxes. Results The results achieved with this doctoral paper can be summarized as follows: - analysis of the shared administration model, starting from the earliest theorizing to the main case law pronouncements and the main norms that directly or indirectly refer to it; - legal basis of the shared administration model in the current system; - analysis of the concept of shared administration in light of the main legal categories of administrative law; - screening of the environmental protection tools of river contracts and regulatory sandboxes, which part of the doctrine recognizes as tools of shared administration and categorization in the correct administration models. Contributions to the existing literature This paper fits into the existing literature by providing a clear administrative and constitutional legal basis for the shared administration model, filling, in this sense a clear gap scientifically. Studies to date in the existing literature lack, in fact, dogmatic insight into the topic, focusing mainly on operational, empirical or applicative aspects. The further contribution that this thesis makes to the existing literature is to relate shared administration to environmental protection, a topic little screened to date by the doctrine: it subjects to verification the possibility that the trend that wants a greater presence in environmental protection of the citizen may come to admit its contribution through the co-exercise of administrative functions with the Public Administration. Conclusions The analysis carried out with this doctoral dissertation has made it possible to shed light on a topic, that of shared administration, on which, and because of its strong interdisciplinary nature and particular practical relevance, there were no contributions capable of reading the phenomenon with the scientific rigor that it deserves. Although in fact the conclusions reached have rubricated the model in question within utopian theories, it is still an imperfect utopia, that is, a theory having a clear and precise legal value, unrealizable in its completeness and totality, but equally capable of shaping the legal system through its frustration. It is only from this perspective that all the environmental legal institutions analyzed can be considered an expression of shared administration. And it is precisely because of the profound legal value that this has, as well as because of the ability to find it in all institutions that contemplate a relationship between citizen and Authority, that it was deemed necessary to pursue an analysis that, starting from the constitutional foundations, would relate shared administration to the main elements of administrative law. Limits and directions of future research The research under review, while developing over a fairly vast area of legal production, taking into consideration constitutional legislation, primary legislation concerning certain sectors of the legal system (environment, procurement, c.t.s. in primis), doctrinal and jurisprudential production, does not put in place, except with very brief hints, any kind of comparative analysis of the law. Said limitation, while constituting an unexplored part of the present work, represents a clear trajectory for future research, especially if one considers the wealth and breadth of solutions that foreign legal systems can provide in the area of administration of public affairs. The topic of shared administration, especially through its framing within the present work as an "imperfect utopia," opens the field to a potentially endless array of future research, even those not necessarily related to environmental law. Wanting to mention a few, one need only think of the recent entry into force of the new procurement code (legislative decree 36/2023) and the application that will soon be made by case law of Article 6, which for the first time openly introduces the syntagma "shared administration" in a norm of the legal system. Remaining in the environmental field, one could analyze other instruments that import the necessary participation of the private party in the preservation of the ecosystem to understand how much the paradigm under consideration has influenced their regulation: energy communities, landscape contracts and forest contracts are some of the legal arrangement of possible research. Wanting, on the other hand, to remain on the level of general legal theory, a further interesting line of research is surely that which compares the model of shared administration with that of self-administration, which has only been alluded to in the present discussion for reasons of economy of exposition.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14242/223401
URN:NBN:IT:UNISTRADA-223401