Recent research unveiled the heterogeneous effects of rising energy prices for low-income and high-income households, as they tend to purchase distinct consumption baskets. In the first chapter, we explore the effects of energy inflation on consumption inequality in a Two-Agent New Keynesian (TANK) model featuring an exogenous energy sector and heterogeneous consumption baskets, and look for the optimal monetary policy response to an energy price shock. We find that rising energy prices widen consumption inequality through the expansions of inflation and income gaps. A Taylor rule targeting core inflation partially approximates the effects of a welfare-maximizing monetary policy. The second chapter extends the analysis to fiscal policy responses to energy inflation by enriching the TANK framework with a range of fiscal instruments. We compare the effects of targeted transfers and energy subsidies directed to households under alternative financing schemes, and examine both optimal fiscal, and the optimal mix of monetary and fiscal policies. Targeted, price-suppressing instruments provide the best trade-off between output stabilization and inflation control, particularly when financed through distortionary taxes. While optimal fiscal policies improve the macroeconomic response to energy inflation, their marginal contribution over optimal monetary policy alone remains limited.
Ricerche recenti hanno evidenziato gli effetti eterogenei dell’aumento dei prezzi dell’energia per le famiglie a basso e alto reddito, in quanto tendono ad acquistare panieri di consumo distinti. Nel primo capitolo, esploriamo gli effetti dell’inflazione energetica sulla disuguaglianza nei consumi in un modello Two-Agent New Keynesian (TANK) con un settore energetico esogeno e panieri di consumo eterogenei, e analizziamo la risposta ottimale della politica monetaria a uno shock sui prezzi dell’energia. I nostri risultati mostrano che l’aumento dei prezzi dell’energia amplia la disuguaglianza nei consumi attraverso l’aumento dei divari di inflazione e di reddito. Una Taylor rule che prende come target l’inflazione di fondo approssima parzialmente gli effetti di una politica monetaria ottimale. Il secondo capitolo estende l’analisi alle risposte di politica fiscale all’inflazione energetica, arricchendo il modello TANK con una gamma di strumenti fiscali. Confrontiamo gli effetti di trasferimenti mirati e sussidi energetici destinati alle famiglie finanziati attraverso diversi schemi, ed esaminiamo sia le politiche fiscali ottimali sia la combinazione ottimale di politica monetaria e fiscale. Strumenti mirati, che agiscono sopprimendo i prezzi, offrono il miglior trade-off tra stabilizzazione dell’output e controllo dell’inflazione, soprattutto se finanziati tramite imposte distorsive. Sebbene le politiche fiscali ottimali migliorino la risposta macroeconomica all'inflazione energetica, il loro contributo marginale rispetto alla sola politica monetaria ottimale rimane limitato.
Essays on Monetary and Fiscal Policy
RICCIUTELLI, FRANCESCO
2025
Abstract
Recent research unveiled the heterogeneous effects of rising energy prices for low-income and high-income households, as they tend to purchase distinct consumption baskets. In the first chapter, we explore the effects of energy inflation on consumption inequality in a Two-Agent New Keynesian (TANK) model featuring an exogenous energy sector and heterogeneous consumption baskets, and look for the optimal monetary policy response to an energy price shock. We find that rising energy prices widen consumption inequality through the expansions of inflation and income gaps. A Taylor rule targeting core inflation partially approximates the effects of a welfare-maximizing monetary policy. The second chapter extends the analysis to fiscal policy responses to energy inflation by enriching the TANK framework with a range of fiscal instruments. We compare the effects of targeted transfers and energy subsidies directed to households under alternative financing schemes, and examine both optimal fiscal, and the optimal mix of monetary and fiscal policies. Targeted, price-suppressing instruments provide the best trade-off between output stabilization and inflation control, particularly when financed through distortionary taxes. While optimal fiscal policies improve the macroeconomic response to energy inflation, their marginal contribution over optimal monetary policy alone remains limited.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14242/295294
URN:NBN:IT:UNIMIB-295294